Chapter 15 - Overview of Growth and Development Framework

What are Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development?

1. Infancy --> Trust vs. mistrust 2. Toddler --> Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. Preschool --> Initiative vs. guilt 4. School-age --> Industry vs. Inferiority 5. Adolescence --> Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Young Adult --> Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Middle Adult --> Generativity vs. stagnation 8. Older Adult --> Ego integrity vs. despair

What are Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development?

1. Preconventional -Avoiding punishment -Gaining reward 2. Conventional -Gaining approval -Avoiding disapproval 3. Postconventional -Agreeing upon rights -Establishing personal moral standards -Achieving justice

what growth chart technique is the best reflection of growth?

Serial measurements plotted over time on a growth chart best reflect a child's pattern of growth.

Describe the use of social vs cultural expectations on development

Social expectations can influence developmental tasks with expectations that an individual achieve certain landmarks during each period of development. However, the age at which a child is expected to master certain developmental tasks is determined partly by cultural expectations. Some cultures are comfortable with breastfeeding their children well into childhood, whereas others expect the transition to self-feeding with a cup much earlier. For example, a child who is capable of learning colors or numbers can do so only if taught, just as the child who was breastfed well into childhood, never having been offered a cup, may well be developmentally capable of drinking from a cup but probably will fail in early attempt

According to Piagets theory of cognitive development, which of the following statements is correct? a. Cognitive function continues to become refined throughout life. b. A childs greatest task is to make sense of the world around him or her. c. Culture plays a major role in cognitive development. d. Learning precedes development.

b. A childs greatest task is to make sense of the world around him or her. Piaget theorized that cognitive development was complete by about age 15. He did not factor the effects of culture into his theory and felt that learning followed cognitive development.

A mother comes to the pediatric clinic and says to the nurse, I am worried about my 11-month-old baby because he is not crawling yet and his brother crawled when he was 11 months old. Is something wrong? Which of the following statements should the nurse make? a. It is highly unusual for siblings not to reach developmental milestones at the same time. I'll ask the doctor to assess him. b. All babies reach developmental milestones at different rates. c. This may be something to worry about. I'll have the doctor examine him. d. Don't worry; hell crawl soon enough.

b. All babies reach developmental milestones at different rates.

A child is focused on peer approval and avoidance of not fitting in. According to Kohlberg, this child is experiencing which of the following stages of moral development? a. Preconventional b. Conventional c. Postconventional d. Preoperational

b. Conventional

The nurse is caring for a person who donated a kidney to a stranger in need. According to Gilligans stages of moral development, the person who donated the kidney is in which of the following stages? a. Preconventional b. Conventional c. Postconventional d. Midconventional

b. Conventional Characteristics of the conventional stage of Gilligans stages of moral development include sacrifice to fulfill the needs of others.

Which of the following statements describes Erikson's theory of development? a. A healthy personality is defined by the lack of pathology. b. Stages of development advance based on psychosocial factors. c. The main premise of the theory is that individuals are interdependent beings and rely on each other in order to develop successfully. d. An individual must successfully accomplish the developmental stage before proceeding to the next stage.

d. An individual must successfully accomplish the developmental stage before proceeding to the next stage.

Which of the following statements summarizes Vygotsky's theory of development? a. All children develop cognitively at the same rate. b. Social and cultural influences are not major factors in cognitive development. c. Learning is an individual activity. d. Experience creates learning.

d. Experience creates learning.

Which of the following statements is correct related to the concept of growth a. Growth occurs mainly during early childhood. b. Older adults do not experience growth-related changes.. c. Growth refers only to the increase in the size of specific organs and systems. d. Growth occurs throughout the life cycle.

d. Growth occurs throughout the life cycle.

refers to change and expansion of ability and advancement in skill from a lower to a more advanced capability.

development

an increase in competence and adaptability that reflects understandings in the complexity of a structure that makes it possible for that structure to begin to function or to function at a higher level.

maturation

learning cannot occur without ____?

maturity. Learning cannot occur unless the individual is mature enough to understand and control behavior.

Adult heads account for how much of their overall height?

one-ninth

Newborn heads account for how much of their overall length?

one-quarter

what organization recommends that health practitioners in the U.S. use (WHO) international growth charts ?

the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

what is the fastest growing section of the body during early life?

the head, followed by the trunk and then the arms and legs

is growth steady and uniform throughout life?

NO

each stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development requires ..?

-Each stage requires a resolution of conflict between two opposing forces (intimacy vs. isolation) -Each stage depends on preceding stages; must be successfully accomplished to proceed

What is Piaget's theory of development concerned with?

-He viewed children as biological organisms interacting with their environment, and his theory contends that cognitive development reflects children's attempts to make sense of their worlds. -concerned primarily with structure rather than content, with how the individual mind works rather than with what it does. -Piaget uses the word scheme to describe a pattern of action or thought. A scheme is used to take in or assimilate new experiences or may be modified or accommodated by new experiences. Each person is striving to maintain a balance, or equilibrium, between assimilation and accommodation

What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development based on and what does it concern?

-based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development -concerned with the development of moral thinking and judgement -emphasizes an ethic of justice -example: Should a man steal an expensive drug that would save his dying wife? -Stages of moral development proceed during school-age, adolescent, and young adult years

What are the WHO international growth charts based on?

-based on the fact that WHO growth charts were compiled from healthy breastfed infants living in optimal conditions and achieving the greatest potential of growth possible, which was recognized as the desired standard against which to compare the growth of all other infants -Researchers gathered data from six countries (Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman, and the United States) using longitudinal and cross-sectional methods -Chart linear, weight, and head circumference (infants); body mass index-for-age

What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? And what years does it encompass?

-encompasses the developmental years (birth to 15 years old) 1. Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years old) -Begins with a predominance and reliance on reflexes that permit the body to learn -Reflexes decrease and voluntary acts develop -Imitation predominates -Thought is dominated by physical manipulation of objects and events -Develops the concept of object permanence and the ability to form mental representations 2. Preoperational (2-7 years old) -Advancing use of language and movement -Development of egocentric, animistic, and magical thinking -Uses representational thought to interpret and learn, not in terms of general properties but in terms of the relationship or use to themselves -No cause-and-effect reasoning -Thought is dominated by the senses—what is seen, heard, or experienced 3. Concrete operations (7-11 years old) -Mental reasoning processes assume logical approaches to solving concrete problems, including cause and effect -Collecting; mastering facts -Can consider other points of view -Thought influenced by social contacts -Language is perfected 4. Formal Operations (11-15 years old) -True logical thought and manipulation of abstract concepts emerge -Morality established

what are the influences on growth?

-gender -age -genetics -environment (prenatal/postnatal exposures, nutrition, culture, parenting, infections, injuries)

What is the Denver Developmental Screening Test?

-now known as Denver II -a screening tool that assists health care providers in monitoring children's development in each of these areas from birth to 6 years of age

Describe Gilligan's Theory of moral development

-suggests that the process of moral development differs in women. -She discovered that Kohlberg's original research was conducted with only men and that women often scored lower in Kohlberg's scaling of moral levels. She asserted that women were not inferior in their moral development, just different. -her theory has 3 stages too, but the transitions between stages are based on changes in one's sense of self rather than on changes in cognitive development, as Kohlberg proposed. She more clearly differentiated the "voice of care" from the "voice of reason" -She also reported that women think and act more from a base of caring and relationships than do men, who are more inclined to think in terms of justice, rights, and rules. 1. Preconventional 2. Conventional 3. Postconventional

how many stages are in Erikson's theories of development?

8 stages

A nurse is attending a continuing education program about growth and development. Why is it necessary that nurses are well educated about this content? (select all that apply) a. Have a better understanding of genetics and genomics b. Can meet the requirements of Healthy People 2010 c. Can provide more effective health education d. Can deliver anticipatory guidance to families

A,C,D

A nurse is educating new parents about normal growth and development for their child. Which of the following items would the nurse include in this discussion? (select all that apply) a. Trends in childhood obesity b. Availability of a well-balanced diet c. Exposure to lead-based pain d. Height/weight of relatives

B,C,D A well-balanced diet will help assure that the child reaches his or her growth potential. Lead poisoning, an environmental exposure, remains a significant threat to todays children. Genetic factors greatly influence growth and development.

The school nurse is conducting an in-service program for teachers that discusses the development of elementary school children. According to Piagets theory of cognitive development, which of the following information would the nurse include? (select all that apply) a. Use abstract thought to discuss a story. b. Make moral decisions concerning right and wrong actions. c. Listen to a peers point of view about a playground situation. d. Be influenced by his or her friends.

C,D Children age 7 to 11 are in the concrete operations stage of development according to Piaget. They are influenced by friends and can listen to and think about a peers point of view. Moral decision making and use of abstract thought occur during the formal operations stage of development, usually between the ages of 11 and 15 years.

What are the early developmental patterns?

Cephalocaudal, from head to toe -Proximodistal, from midline to periphery -Differentiation follows a pattern: simple to complex, and general to specific

what is an example of learning being based off of maturing?

Children can be toilet trained only when their bodies have matured to the point of developing internal and external sphincter control. Earlier attempts will be frustrating for both the child and the parent.

growth in childhood

During childhood, physical changes in height, weight, and head circumference, or growth parameters, are measured and recorded regularly.

How does environmental stress alter biological development (genetics)? (nature vs. nurture)

Evidence in animals and from human epidemiological studies indicates that experiences and the environment change the functioning of genes, and thus provide a basis for a model of gene-environment interaction. Early life experiences and social exposures may alter the way in which genes direct cell activities; early life adversity, including living in poverty, appears to result in DNA changes in the brain and other body tissues. Recent studies suggest that even parental experiences can affect the behavior of children; brain plasticity theory describes brain cell development that can potentially modify ways individuals learn and experience their outside environment. This has implications for physical disease as well as attention and behavioral and mental disorders, and even the transmission of behavioral traits to the next generation

What is the main point of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

Individual needs to develop sense of trust and personal worth

A school nurse is obtaining the height and weight of a 9-year-old child. Which of the following is the best method to assess the child's growth? a. Use serial measurements over time. b. Use this measurement. c. Use this measurement and compare it with the child's peers. d. Use the WHO growth chart to assess this child's measurements.

a. Use serial measurements over time.

growth in adulthood

assesses the systems undergoing change (certain body systems decrease in function)

A nurse who is conducting a parenting class is asked how to select a good day care center for an 18-month-old child. Which of the following responses should be made by the nurse? a. Day care centers that schedule age-appropriate educational videos increase verbal ability. b. Human interaction increases a toddlers verbal skills, so select a day care center that values adult-to-toddler interaction. c. Learning to understand the meaning of words is increased when toddlers are exposed to educational DVDs, so select a day care center that has an extensive library of age-appropriate, educational DVDs. d. There really is no difference in the quality of day care centers based on whether or not videos or DVDs are used for educational purposes.

b. Human interaction increases a toddlers verbal skills, so select a day care center that values adult-to-toddler interaction.

Kohlbergs theory of moral development is based on: a. Eriksons theory of psychosocial development b. Piagets theory of cognitive development c. Vygotskys theory of cognitive development d. Gilligans theory of moral development

b. Piagets theory of cognitive development

Which of the following statements about Gilligans theory of moral development is accurate? a. This theory is based on a sense of absolute right and wrong. b. This theory is gender specific. c. This theory is dependent on ones stage of cognitive development. d. This theory is based on the premise that women view situations in terms of rules.

b. This theory is gender specific. Gilligans theoretical work is based on womens moral development. Kohlberg postulated that men view situations in terms of justice and rules, and that moral development depends on cognitive development.

The nurse is explaining the concept of growth to a parent. Which of the following statements should be made by the nurse? a. Growth means adding height and weight to your body. b. We continue to grow in various ways throughout life. c. How much we grow is based on gender. d. Growth stops when we are young adults

b. We continue to grow in various ways throughout life.

A nurse is caring for a person with the nursing diagnosis of chronic sorrow related to missed opportunities. Which of the following nursing interventions would be appropriate for this person? a. Sharing a personal story with the person to demonstrate empathy b. Assuring the person that he or she will be able to cope with the illness c. Encouraging the person to discuss his or her fears d. Contacting a support group representative for the person

c. Encouraging the person to discuss his or her fears It is not appropriate to discuss personal issues with an individual. Assuring the individual what he or she will be able to cope with is not appropriate because it does not encourage the person to talk about his or her fears. It is not appropriate to contact a support group without the persons permission. The person may not be ready to discuss the issue with strangers. The correct response is part of grief work facilitation: helping another cope with painful feelings of actual or perceived responsibility.

A nurse is teaching parents of a toddler about nutrition. Which of the following statements should be made by the nurse? a. Raisins are a good finger food because they provide fiber. b. Grapes are a good snack choice because they help toddlers meet their daily fruit requirements. c. Hot dogs are not a safe food choice because they may cause choking. d. A small piece of chewing gum will help strengthen jaw muscle; just be sure he or she does not swallow it.

c. Hot dogs are not a safe food choice because they may cause choking. Raisins, grapes, and chewing gum all pose a choking hazard and should not be given to toddlers.

A high school sophomore engages in risky behavior to fit in with his peers. According to Eriksons theory of human development, which of the following developmental conflicts is this student facing? a. Initiative versus guilt b. Industry versus inferiority c. Identity versus role confusion d. Intimacy versus isolation

c. Identity versus role confusion

The school nurse has been asked to order growth charts. Which of the following growth charts should be selected to assessing children in first through fifth grades? a. Generic body mass index chart b. Height and weight chart c. Revised CDC growth chart d. WHO international growth chart

c. Revised CDC growth chart The CDC recommends the revised 2000 CDC growth charts (including the BMI and the 3rd and 97th percentile) be used for children aged 2 to 20 years.

The nurse at a well-baby clinic is assessing a 12-month-old child. At birth, the child weighed 7 lb. 3 oz. During this visit, the child weighs 21 lb. 10 oz. Which of the following conclusions would the nurse make about the childs weight? a. The infant is gaining weight faster than anticipated. b. The infant is malnourished. c. The infant is at the expected weight for his or her age. d. The infant is having a growth spurt.

c. The infant is at the expected weight for his or her age. Infants double their birth weight by 6 months and triple by 1 year

what are the periods of extremely rapid growth?

childbearing period, infancy, and adolescence

Infants ___ their birth weight by 6 months and ___ their birth weight by age 1

double; triple

when do the slower rates of growth occur?

during the toddler, preschool, and school-age periods

The well-known early adult "growth spurt" in height typically occurs when?

early in adolescence for girls and later in adolescence for boys.

scientific investigation of capacity of cell to react to environment

epigenetics

provide an example of differentiation development

follows a pattern: simple to complex, and general to specific Infants use a whole-hand grasp before learning the finer control of the pincer grasp, and they coo or babble before they speak

provide an example of proximodistal development

from midline to periphery Infants' central nervous systems develop before peripheral nervous systems.

___ is one of the most important indications of a child's overall health and well-being.

growth

refers to a quantifiable change in structure size

growth

provide an example of cephalocaudal development

head to toe Infants advance in neck and head control before controlling the movements of the extremities.

the process of gaining specific knowledge or skills that result from exposure, experience, education, and evaluation.

learning