chapter 15 PEERS AND THE SOCIOCULTURAL WORLD
socioeconomic status (SES)
Classification of a person's position in society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
constructive play
Combination of sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.
cross-cultural studies
Comparisons of one culture with one or more other cultures. These provide information about the degree to which development is similar, or universal, across cultures, and the degree to which it is culture-specific.
When immigrant parents and children are at different stages of acculturation, which of the following often results?
Conflicts over cultural values
Culture
The behavior, patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.
crowds
The crowd is a larger group than a clique. Adolescents usually are members of a crowd based on reputation and may not spend much time together. Many crowds are defined by the activities in which adolescents engage.
feminization of poverty
The fact that far more women than men live in poverty. Women's lower income, divorce, infrequent awarding of alimony, and poorly enforced child support by fathers—which usually leave women with less money than they and their children need to adequately function—are the likely causes.
leisure
The pleasant times when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of culture?
Total acceptance of cultural values across the lifespan
True or false: By 2020, the ethnic minority population under age 18 in the United States will outnumber its non-Latino White counterpart.
True
True or false: When children interact aggressively with peers, they are at risk for delinquency and dropping out of school.
True
Madeleine is about equally liked and disliked by the children in her class, receiving a typical (i.e., not unusual) number of both positive and negative nominations when her peers are asked. In terms of peer status, she is best described as
an average child
popular children
children who are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers
controversial children
children who are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked
rejected children
children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers
neglected children
children who are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers
average children
children who receive an average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers
Small groups called ______ range in size from two to about twelve individuals, averaging about five to six individuals.
cliques
Jack and Jill enjoy spending time together after school. What function of friendship does this serve?
companionship
___ play combines sensorimotor/practice play with symbolic representation.
constructive
______ play occurs when children engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solution.
constructive
Peer interaction is influenced by ______, which can mean the type of peer, the situation or location, and the culture.
context
You encourage a friend to run for class officer. This is an example of which function of friendship?
ego support
Due to the effects that imaginary play has on cognitive development, Vygotsky believed that parents should ______ it.
encourage
The tendency to consider one's own group superior to other groups is referred to as:
ethnocentrism
Which of the following is universal among cultures?
ethnocentrism
____________ of poverty refers to the fact that far more women than men live in poverty.
feminization
A shy person is more likely than a gregarious individual to be neglected by peers. This best describes of the effect of what on peer relations?
individual differences
All of the following are contexts that influence peer interaction EXCEPT the:
individual's cognitive thought processes about peers.
Cultures that value self-actualization, self-awareness, self-efficacy, and the like are labeled:
individualistic
The rates of suicide, drug abuse, crime, and divorce are more prominent in a(n) ______ culture.
individualistic
Sensorimotor play is best defined as behavior engaged in by:
infants to derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemas.
The adult male pattern of friendship often involves ______ while sharing useful information.
keeping one's distance
Hobbies, sports, and reading are all examples of
leisure
______ refers to the pleasant times when individuals pursue activities of their own choosing.
leisure
A major trend in technology is the dramatic rise is in ______, in which individuals use two or more media concurrently, such as text messaging while listening to music on a phone.
media multitasking
Janie is in ______ adulthood and is able to have more leisure time due to increased paid vacation time and more available money.
middle
Adolescents are ______ younger children to disclose intimate and personal information to their friends.
more likely than
One individual difference factor that has been found to impair peer relations is the trait of:
negative emotionality
In terms of peer status, a(n) ____ child is not actively disliked but receives few nominations of any kind and is seldom chosen as a best friend.
neglected
Which peer status best describes Connie, who is shy and has low interaction with her classmates, but is not disliked?
neglected
Which of the following choices by a parent most influences a child's peer choices?
neighborhood
Critics of the concept of individualistic and collectivistic cultures argue that in many families:
neither individualistic nor collectivistic values are uniformly endorsed.
____ therapy allows children to work off frustrations and to analyze conflicts and learn how to cope better.
play
In terms of peer status, the ______ child has social skills, gives out reinforcements, listens, and maintains lines of communication with others.
popular
In terms of peer status, the ______ child is frequently nominated as a best friend and is rarely disliked by peers
popular
Children who repeatedly throw a ball against a wall to work on their aim are engaging in what type of play?
practice
Running, jumping, sliding, and throwing balls are examples of:
practice play
At what stage do children begin to participate in games involving simple rules of reciprocity and turn-taking?
preschool
Many experts on play consider the ______ years the "golden age" of symbolic/pretense play.
preschool
Social play increases dramatically during the ______ years.
preschool
______ play involves children using one object to stand in for another object, such as using a block as if it is a walkie talkie.
pretense/symbolic
In terms of peer status, _____ children are seldom nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.
rejected
Aiden has not been well accepted by his peers since kindergarten. In fact, he has no friends at all, and some children say they dislike him. In terms of peer status, Aiden is
rejected child
Adolescents typically prefer ______ than in childhood.
relationships that are more intimate and intense a smaller number of friends
What type of impact does television have on children's development?
significant impact
Friendship in childhood is typically characterized by:
similarity
_____ play involves interactions with peers.
social
Besides aggressive television shows, violent _____ _____ have also been correlated with aggression in children.
video games
Which of the following factors are important for successful aging?
-Having an active lifestyle -Having cognitive stimulation -Being socially active
Which of the following are ways older adults are commonly perceived?
-Incapable of enjoying sex -Incapable of learning new things -Incapable of thinking clearly
Which of the following are some of the positive influences that television viewing has on children?
-Increasing information beyond one's immediate environment -Presenting motivating educational programs -Modeling prosocial behavior
Media multitasking has been linked to which of the following?
-Lower levels of school achievement -Increased depression -Higher rates of obesity
Which of the following are more prevalent among low-SES adolescents than among economically advantaged adolescents?
-Medical conditions -Depression -Smoking -Juvenile delinquency
People in middle adulthood enjoy more leisure times due to which of the following?
-More available money -Paid vacation time -More free time
Carlos and Rosa have recently immigrated with their family to the United States from Guatemala. Please identify all barriers they may encounter.
-changes in their socioeconomic status -Separation from social networks -Language issues
What are the features of cliques?
-members are usually the same age -members are usually the same sex -they average five to six individuals
Around the age of ______, children prefer to spend time with same-sex playmates.
3
According to a 2009 study, the time spent per day using media jumps by ______ in early adolescence.
3 hours
Which of the following child-rearing practices does NOT characterize higher-SES parents?
Acting more directive and less conversational with children
games
Activities that are engaged in for pleasure and include rules.
A common problem in cross-gender friendship is
differing expectations.
Social participation by older adults is often ______ because of ageism.
discouraged
Marcus is about to retire. He has stopped following the news and spends less time with friends. This is an example of which social theory of aging?
disengagement theory
Which of the social theories of aging has a more negative view of aging?
disengagement theory
From 4 to 12 years of age, the preference for playing in same-sex groups:
increases
What are likely causes of the feminization of poverty?
-Child support by fathers is poorly enforced. -Alimony is awarded infrequently. -Women are paid less in general.
The concept of culture is broad. Select all of the following that may be included in the concept of culture.
-Culture is made of assumptions about life that guide people's behavior. -Culture is made of ideals and values.
Which of the following are a negative result of screen time on children?
-Decreased physical activity -Higher rate of aggression -Decreased play time
The best types of educational apps for young children have which of the following characteristics?
-Engagement -Meaningfulness -Active involvement -Social interaction
What did Harry Stack Sullivan's theory about friendships state?
-Friendships are necessary to satisfy our basic social needs. -Adolescents without close friendships will experience loneliness and lower self-worth. -Friends are important in shaping the development of adolescents.
Which five peer status groups have been identified by researchers measuring sociometric popularity?
Average Controversial Neglected Popular Rejected
sensorimotor play
Behavior in which infants derive pleasure from exercising their sensorimotor schemes.
_____ (Girls/Boys) are far likelier to be involved in bullying than _____ (girls/boys) are.
Boys; girls
______ study compares aspects of two or more cultures and provides information about the degree to which development is similar or universal across cultures—or is instead culture specific.
Cross-cultural
Collectivism
Emphasizing values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve group integrity, supporting interdependence of members, and promoting harmonious relationships.
True or false: There is no benefit to educational apps, and they should not be purchased for children.
False
True or false: There is only one type of play called social play.
False
Play allows children to work off frustrations and analyze their conflicts and coping mechanisms in a nonthreatening environment. This idea most closely aligns with ______ views of play.
Freud and Erikson's
Which of the following is NOT a grouping used to determine socioeconomic status?
Gender
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding gender and peer groups?
Girls' groups are more likely than boys' groups to seek to attain a group goal.
Individualism
Giving priority to personal goals rather than to group goals; emphasizing values that serve the self, such as feeling good, obtaining personal distinction through achievement, and preserving independence.
peers
Individuals who share the same age or maturity level.
_______ and toddlers learn much more with direct experiences with people than with media; however, early childhood children can learn from media with educational material.
Infants
social play
Play that involves interaction with peers.
practice play
Play that involves repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when mastery and coordination of skills are required for games or sports.
pretense/symbolic play
Play that occurs when a child transforms aspects of the physical environment into symbols.
Ageism
Prejudice against people because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults.
Which of the following are a positive influence of parental monitoring of screen time on children?
Prosocial behavior Better school performance More sleep
Adolescents indicate peer friendships provide them with which of the following?
Reassurance of worth Companionship Intimacy
Which of the following child-rearing practices does NOT characterize lower-SES parents?
Relying less on physical punishment
intimacy in friendship
Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
Cliques
Small groups that range from 2 to 12 individuals and average about 5 or 6 individuals. Clique members usually are of the same age and same sex and often engage in similar activities, such as belonging to a club or participating in a sport.
Which of the following statements most accurately depicts the frequency of aggressive versus friendly interactions as early childhood progresses?
The proportion of aggressive exchanges, compared with friendly exchanges, decreases.
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to consider one's own group superior to other groups.
activity theory
The theory that the more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.
disengagement theory
The theory that, to cope effectively, older adults should gradually withdraw from society; this theory is not supported by research.
play therapy
Therapy that lets children work off frustrations while therapists analyze their conflicts and coping methods.
Which of the following is true about ethnic minority adolescents in the United States?
They handle their challenges and stresses far better than was previously thought.
True or false: One of the most important functions of peer relations during childhood is to provide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the family.
True Information and comparison are important functions served by peer relations.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children under ___ years of age not watch TV.
Two
According to a 2009 study, the largest increase in media use between childhood and early adolescence is due to:
Video games and TV
The benefits of social support include which of the following?
a reduction in symptoms of diseases an improved ability to meet ones own health care needs improved mental health
The process by which different ethnic groups coexist in the same society by adapting to the majority culture is called
acculturation
As compared to nonimmigrant adolescents, adolescents from immigrant families
assume higher levels of responsibility.
There is nothing particularly unusual about Ramon. He gets along pretty well with most of his classmates; he is liked and disliked by an equal number of peers. In terms of peer status, Ramon can be described as a(n) ______ child.
average
Critics of the concept of individualistic and collectivistic cultures argue that the terms are too:
broad
In which three of the following ways do parents most affect their children's peer relations?
by how they manage their children's lives through interactions with their children through the opportunities that they provide their children
Which of the following types of children tend to get bullied?
children who are aggressive children who are socially withdrawn children who are anxious
What type of thought did Vygotsky believe symbolic and make-believe play helped to advance?
creative
A comparison of the value placed on academics in the United States and in China is an example of:
cross-cultural study.
__ is defined as behavior patterns and beliefs passed on from one generation to another.
culture
__, which includes the behavior and beliefs of a group of people, results from the interaction between people and their environment over many years.
culture
During early childhood, the proportion of aggressive exchanges ______, as compared to friendly exchanges.
decreases
What is the major risk when withdrawn children are rejected and/or victimized?
depression
_____ are activities that children engage in for pleasure and that have rules. Often they involve competition.
games
Experts are increasingly concerned about children who play violent video games, especially games that are
highly realistic
Developmentalists have distinguished five ________ statuses: popular, average, neglected, rejected, and controversial.
peer
Two friends are about the same age and maturity level. They are:
peers
A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as
play
A pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sake is referred to as _______.
play
According to Piaget, ______ provides the perfect setting to exercise cognitive structures.
play
According to Piaget, what allows children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way?
play
Sensorimotor ____ is defined as behavior engaged in by infants to derive pleasure from exercising their existing sensorimotor schemas.
play
The social convoy model of social relations is best described as a personal network of individuals to whom one gives and from whom one receives:
social support
______ status refers to a person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics.
socioeconomic
Adolescents from affluent families are particularly vulnerable to:
substance abuse.
People in later adulthood who display an active lifestyle, mental stimulation, positive coping skills, and social support are involved in ______ aging.
successful
Developmentally advantageous friends are socially skilled, oriented toward academic achievement, and:
supportive
