Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders

What is Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individuals functioning. THE THOUGHTS CREATE ANXIETY.

What is a specific phobia?

A disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function. It falls into 5 categories: 1) animals 2) natural environment 3) situations 4) blood, injection and injuries 5) other phobias including chocking or vomiting.

What is Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

It is a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind. They show a high activity in the amygdala, evaluation of threatening info and fear conditioning and a smaller size hippocampus. Those conditions may have led them to have PTSD.

What is a disease?

It is a known pathological process affecting the body.

What is a seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern.

Cognitive symptoms

Segment of Schizophrenia symptoms. Deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically executive functioning, attention, and working memory, present in those with schizophrenia. Least noticeable symptoms.

Negative symptoms

Segment of Schizophrenia symptoms. Deficits in or disruptions of normal emotions and behaviors (e.g., emotional and social withdrawal;; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation and emotion) that are present in those with Schizophrenia.

How is something considered a mental disorder?

- Distress - Dysfunction - Deviance

What is a bipolar disorder?

A condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression). Hallucinations and delusions may be present which can therefore be diagnosed as Schizophrenia. Same rate of occurrence in both men and women.

What is a social phobia?

A disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed..

What is an expressed emotion?

A measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over involvement that people communicate when speaking about a family member with a disorder. IT IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER RATES OF RELAPSE across a wide range of mental disorders.

Prognosis

Childhood phobias can go away but harder to get rid of in adulthood.

What are the three Clusters of Personality Disorder?

Cluster A (Odd, bizarre, eccentric) Cluster B (Dramatic, erratic) Cluster C (Anxious, fearful)

What is suicide ?

Intentional self-inflicted death. 2nd leading cause of death among 15 to 24 years old.

What is a disorder?

It is a common set of signs and symptoms.

What is a diagnosis?

It is a determination as to whether a disorder or disease is present.

What is Schizophrenia?

It is a psychotic (a break from reality) disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes, a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; ad disturbances in thought, motivation and behavior. The symptoms are divided into positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Enlarged ventricles could occur

What is a diathesis-stress model?

It suggests that a person may be predisposed to a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.

What are the Nts that reduce depression?

Norepinephrine and serotonin.

Disorganized speech

Part of the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia. A severe disruption of verbal communications in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics.

Prevalence

The proportion of a population that has, or has had a characteristic within a given time period.

What is a persistent depressive disorder?

The same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years.

What is the Sociogenic hypothesis of Schizophrenia?

The stress of living in poverty leads to Schizophrenia .

Does exposure to more stress lead to more vulnerabilities?

Yes which then leads to disorders.

What is a medical Model?

An approach that conceptualizes abnormal psychological experiences as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms and possible cures.

What is non suicidal self-injury (NSSI) ?

Direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die.

Dramatic/Erratic

- Antisocial: Impoverished moral sense, history of deception, crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive or violent behavior. No empathy when arm has be done. The terms SOCIOPATH AND PSYCHOPATH can be used here. - Borderline: Unstable moods and intense, stormy personal relationships. Frequent mood changes and anger, unpredictable impulses. Suicidal threats due to low self esteem - Narcissistic: Inflated sense of self-importance, absorbed by fantasies of self and success. Exaggerates own achievement, assumes others will recognize they are superior.

What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities. They have the increased ability to remember stuff.

What is conduct disorder?

A condition in which a child or adolescent engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations. Must have 3 of the 15 listed symptoms.

What is a major depressive disorder (or unipolar depression) ? Basically depression.

A disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood and/or irritability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep ad appetite disturbance.

What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?

A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension and sleep disturbance. People can suffer on how to make simple decisions as to which vegetable to choose.

What is a panic Disorder?

A disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stank terror.

What is a double depression?

A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression. Major depressive and persistent depression occur together.

What is the Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)?

A new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basis processes that give rise to them.

What is a mental Disorder?

A persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thoughts, or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment.

What is attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ?

A persistent pattern of severe problems with inattention and/or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairments in functioning. To be diagnosed one has to have these symptoms for at least 6 months in two diff settings.

What is a personality disorder?

Enduring patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning. They began in adolescence or early childhood and are relatively stable over time. They fall into three clusters, the one i care about is the Dramatic/Erratic.

What is suicide attempt?

Engagement in potentially harmful behavior with some intention of dying.

What is a biopsychosocial perspective?

It explains mental disorders as the result of interaction among biological, psychological(learning, memory) and and social(support, culture) factors. People can experience similar disorders for diff reasons.

What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) ?

It is a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems. List the criteria needed to be met in order to be diagnosed. The other one is ICD from WHO.

What is a mood disorder?

Mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature. It has two main forms: depression and bipolar disorder.

What is agoraphobia?

Part of Anxiety Disorder. A specific phobia involving a fear of public places. Afraid something terrible will happen when out in pubic.

What is a phobic disorder?

Part of anxiety Disorder. Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations.

Catatonic behavior

Part of the Grossly disorganized behavior. It is a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity.

Delusions

Part of the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia. A false belief, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality. Believing that they are Christ.

Hallucinations

Part of the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia. A false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation. Hearing voices.

Grossly disorganized behavior

Part of the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia. Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances. One may also experience Catatonic behavior.

Positive Symptoms

Segment of Schizophrenia symptoms. Thoughts and behaviors, such as delusions and hallucinations present in schizophrenia but not seen in those without the disorder.

What is anxiety disorder ?

The class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature. Ex: Phobic, panic, and generalized anxiety disorder. Has four Categories: - Phobias - Social Anxiety Disorder - Panic Disorder (can come out of the blue) - Generalized Anxiety Disorder

What has one genetics has to do with then getting Schizophrenia ?

The closer a person's genetic relatedness to a person with schizophrenia, the greater their likelihood of developing the disorder.

What is Comorbidity?

The co-occurance of two or more disorders in a single individual.

What is a helplessness theory?

The idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (i.e., their own fault), stable (i.e, unlikely to change), and global (i.e, widespread).

What is preparedness theory?

The idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears.

What is the dopamine hypothesis ?

The idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity.