Chapter 15 Psychology

Behavioral therapy

Fumie works in a rehabilitation center. When her patients do chores and attend communal events, she gives them tokens that they can use to buy items from the center's store.

psychatric social worker

Julianne went to graduate school for a Master of Social Work (MSW) and was trained to help direct people to appropriate mental health services. She now works at a community hospital.

biploar disorder

Lithium

psychodynamic therapy

Manuel asks his client, Tam, to describe in detail the dreams he had last night.

What did the 2004 Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS) and follow-up research find about using SSRIs to treat depression among adolescents?

Three years after treatment, SSRIs are about as effective as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). SSRIs combined with CBT has the best results.

Family therapy

When Kasia was diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, her whole family began meeting with a therapist, Li Min. Li Min tries to encourage the family members to improve their communication and the ways they manage conflict in order to support Kasia's recovery.

antisocial personality disorder

disregard for and violation of the rights of others, manipulativeness, lack of guilt

bipolar disorder

dramatic mood changes from mania to depression

OCD

exposure and response prevention

Treatment:Psychodynamic

free association and dream analysis

borderline personality disorder

impulsivity; intense, unstable moods, relationships, and self-image

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

repetitive actions provoked by anxious thoughts

Phobia treatment

systematic desensitization

Psychotherapy: Family

to heal family relationships

panic disorder

sudden attacks of overwhelming terror

Treatment: Family Therapy

systems approach

Paraprofessional

Even though Bob has no higher education in psychology, he volunteers on a suicide hotline, supervised by people with more training.

Psychotherapy: Group

to provide support while also improving social skills in a cost-effective manner

Which of the following accurately describe the prognosis for antisocial personality disorder (APD)?

-After age 40, the arrest rate for individuals diagnosed with APD, but not psychopathy, goes down. -APD typically improves with or without treatment after age 40.

identify the true and false statements about the use of lithium to treat bipolar disorders.

-Cognitive-behavioral training may be necessary to get clients to keep taking lithium. -In patients with bipolar II, lithium is often taken with an SSRI. -Side effects of lithium usually diminish in a few weeks. False: -It stabilizes moods and works particularly well to bring up depressed mood. -Clients are frequently happy to have their moods become more stabilized after taking lithium.

Family therapy tries to involve all of the members of the client's family in the process. Identify the true and false statements about family therapy.

-It holds to the systems approach that an individual is part of a larger context—in this case, the family. -A family therapist helping a client quit drinking would examine the client's brother's resentment at no longer having a drinking buddy. False: -It cannot successfully be used in the treatments of substance abuse or addictions because family relations in those situations are too volatile. -It is based on the belief that most psychological disorders result from traumatic events occurring early in life—usually within the family.

Which of the following are some of the benefits of using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) to treat depression?

-It is not known to harm a developing fetus. -It works quickly, whereas antidepressants can take weeks to kick in. -It has proven effective when other treatments have failed.

Identify the reasons why it is so difficult to treat antisocial personality disorder (APD).

-People with APD try to manipulate their therapists. -Therapy rarely produces changes in behavior. -Psychotropic medicines are generally unhelpful in treating the disorder. -Clients lie, do not care about other people's feelings, and do not consider the future. False: -People with antisocial personalities are often afraid of social settings, including therapy.

Which of the following are some criticisms of modern psychodynamic therapy as it is practiced today?

-Psychodynamic therapy is expensive and can take many years. -There is only weak evidence that psychodynamic therapy can help with most disorders.

Which of the following accurately describe the prognosis for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder?

1)Some children have difficulty generalizing something learned in a therapeutic setting to the real world. 2)Higher IQ is generally associated with better outcomes after treatment. 3)Early language ability is generally associated with better outcomes after treatment. Incorrect: 1)The disorder's symptoms lessen by the time most children reach their early 20s. 2) Cases that are diagnosed later are associated with more-effective treatment. (Cases diagnosed earlier tend to respond better to treatment.)

Page(s) 626-62715.4. How Can Disorders Be Treated in Children and Adolescents? Which of the following are positive effects associated with using central nervous system stimulants, such as Ritalin, to help treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children?

1)They decrease distractibility and overactivity. 2)They increase attention and ability to concentrate. 3)They are associated with increased happiness, social adeptness, and academic success. Incorrect 1)They cause a small increase in positive behaviors and a small decrease in negative behaviors.

Place the treatments for obsessive-compulsive disorders in order from most to least effective.

1)exposure and response prevention therapy coupled with tricyclic antidepressants 2)exposure and response prevention therapy alone 3)Tricyclic antidepressants alone 4) placebo

Cognitive therapy

Leticia tells her therapist, Sameer, she is sad because her friend did not respond to a text. "She won't talk to me because I am boring," she laments. Sameer encourages her to consider other explanations, that her friend did not see the message, or it was too late to respond. He reminds her that her friend is normally responsive.

Humanistic therapy

Lindy asks her client, Sarah, how she felt when her husband ignored her request for more alone time. After Sarah responds, Lindy repeats what Sarah said without judgment, asking for further clarification.

psychiatric nurse

Lyle works at an outpatient clinic, having received a bachelor's degree focusing on the care of clients with psychological disorders. (MSN)

Schizophrenia

Positive symptoms such as hallucinations and negative symptoms such as apathy

Schizophrenia

atypical antipsychotics

Treatment:Behavioral

rewards and punishments, token economies, social skills training, and modeling

Psychotherapy:Psychodynamic

to help clients become aware of unconscious conflicts and defense mechanisms

Psychotherapy: Cognitive

to help clients eliminate harmful thought patterns and replace them with positive ones

Psychotherapy: Behavioral

to help clients replace harmful behaviors with beneficial ones

Though a combination of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is the recommended treatment for adolescent depression, SSRIs are commonly prescribed alone, without CBT. Which of the following are some explanations for this?

-CBT is expensive and many insurance companies do not want to pay for it. -Pediatricians and family physicians are trained to prescribe drugs but not to treat psychological disorders. -It can be challenging to get adolescents to comply with CBT because their cognitive, emotional, and social skills are still developing. -There are not sufficient resources to provide psychotherapy to all adolescents who need it. Incorrect: CBT is an emotional drain on the family of the client.

What are some of the drawbacks of using Ritalin to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

-Children may feel they cannot take control of their own problems and may not learn other coping strategies. -Side effects include sleep problems, reduced appetite, body twitches, and temporary slowing of growth. -The drug may not be effective in the long term. -The drug is often sold to people without ADHD and abused as a stimulant.

Which of the following are outcomes of using dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) to treat clients with borderline personality disorder?

-Clients who undergo DBT are more likely to remain in treatment. -Clients who undergo DBT learn to depend on themselves for support and validation rather than relying on others. -Clients who undergo DBT are less likely to be suicidal. False: -Clients who undergo DBT are less likely to feel depressed. SSRIs are often prescribed in addition to DBT to treat feelings of depression.Dialectical behavior therapy was designed by Marsha Linehan, who suffered from borderline personality disorder for decades. It is the most successful treatment approach so far for this disorder.

Opal was in a bad car accident and has developed a phobia of driving. How might a cognitive-behavioral therapist use systematic desensitization to help her get over her fear?

-The therapist may instruct Opal to use a computer-simulated driving program. -The therapist should train her to relax and then have her enact or imagine progressively more fearful scenarios from her fear hierarchy. -The therapist may leave out the relaxation component and skip right to exposing Opal to low levels of the feared stimulus. False: -The therapist should advise Opal to first take a drive on the highway with a close friend for moral support. -The therapist should teach her ways to avoid driving until she feels better.

Which of the following are components of dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT)?

-radical acceptance -psychodynamic therapy -cognitive therapy -behavioral therapy -both group and individual therapy -mindfulness training based on Eastern meditation False: For anxiety: -systematic desensitization -Exposure therapy

After attempting to self-harm, Maria underwent psychological evaluation and was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. Her therapist, Dr. Amundson, has recommended dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) to manage her symptoms. Place in order the steps that Dr. Amundson will most likely take Maria through.

Phase 1:Change extreme behaviors, such as self-harm. Phase 2: Explore past traumas that may be the cause of the disorder. Phase 3:Develop feelings of independence and respect

Identify the true and false statements about using applied behavioral analysis to manage the symptoms of children with autism.

True 1)Continued therapy contributes to improvements in IQ scores. 2)This therapy is based on principles of operant conditioning. False 1)It requires at least 10 hours of therapy a week. 2)Social skills improve relatively immediately. A drawback of applied behavioral analysis is the time commitment.Applied behavioral analysis is most effective for managing autistic symptoms when started early in life.

Treatment: Humanistic

active listening and unconditional positive regard

Treatment: Cognitive

cognitive restructuring and rational-emotive therapy

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

impaired social interaction, language, and cognitive development; unresponsiveness; repetitive behavior

Angela is a therapist who works with clients experiencing a wide range of mental health difficulties. This morning, Angela focused on cognitive restructuring with one of her clients. In the afternoon, she took a client-centered approach in which she used active listening and displayed unconditional positive regard for a particular client. Angela's use of various techniques is known as a(n) ___________ approach.

eclectic

phobia

fear of something that is out of proportion to the threat

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

inattentiveness, heightened activity, and impulsive behavior

major depressive disorder

low mood, loss of interest in pleasurable activities, and changes in sleep or weight

Omar drinks every day, often to the point of intoxication. When he meets with a friend and opens up about his problem, he discusses how ashamed he is of himself. However, his friend notes the ways in which his alcohol dependency has stemmed from issues within the family, rather than an intrapersonal cause. Omar's friend is addressing his problem from a ___________ approach.

systems

Psychotherapy: Humanistic

to help clients fulfill their potential for personal growth

Identify the true and false statements about cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT).

True: -CBT is the most widely used version of psychotherapy. -CBT examines a client's maladaptive thought processes and teaches him or her to change that behavior. -CBT is one of the most effective therapies for many types of disorders. False: these are psychodynamic therapy -CBT seeks to understand why someone is behaving the way he or she is. CBT considers maladaptive behavior as the result of an underlying problem.