CHAPTER 15 REVIEW

Which of the following is a special binding substance that enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at the injection site?

Adjuvant

Which process involves antibodies cross-linking cells or particles into large aggregates?

Agglutination

Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen?

Anamnestic response

Acquired specific immunity involves the response of

B and T lymphocytes.

B cell receptors differ from T cell receptors in that

B cell receptors are comprised of four polypeptides, whereas T cell receptors have only two polypeptides in their quaternary structure. B cell receptors have two antigen binding sites, whereas T cell receptors have only one antigen binding site. B cell receptors are immunoglobulin in nature, whereas T cell receptors are not immunoglobulin molecules. B cell receptor immunoglobulins can be secreted as antibodies, whereas T cell receptors are never secreted.

Which of the following is not a target for TC cells?

Bacteria

Which of the following do not serve as antigen presenting cells?

Basophils

What process generates many B cells and T cells that are activated against specific antigens?

Clonal expansion

After secreting antibodies during an immune response, plasma cells then differentiate into memory cells.

FALSE

B and T lymphocytes are specific; they have only a single type of cell marker on their surface.

FALSE

Human B lymphocytes mature in an intestinal region called the bursa.

FALSE

The adaptive immune system is complex, but it can be summarized in four consecutive stages: i) lymphocyte encounter with an immunogen, ii) development of lymphocyte specificity against that immunogen, iii) 2nd encounter with the immunogen, and iv) development of memory cells.

FALSE

The hinge region of an antibody has a hypervariable amino acid region where the antigenic determinant fits.

FALSE

Each _____ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope

FAb

The immunoglobulin class that has a dimer form found in mucus, saliva, colostrum, and other body secretions is ______.

IgA

A patient enters your clinic with a suspected helminthic infection. In support of this diagnosis, you suspect elevated levels of which antibody in the patient's serum?

IgE

The immunoglobulin class that has an Fc region that binds to receptors on basophils and mast cells is ______.

IgE

The immunoglobulin class that is the only one capable of crossing the placenta is ______.

IgG

The most abundant class of antibodies in serum is _____.

IgG

The immunoglobulin/s found on the surface of B cells is/are

IgM and IgD.

Which immunoglobulin class/es can fix complement?

IgM and IgG

Which is incorrect about the Fc region of an immunoglobulin?

It forms the antigen binding sites.

Which of the statements below represents the correct order of events in the adaptive immune response?

Lymphocyte development, antigen presentation, lymphocyte challenge, lymphocyte response

Not all phagocytic cells are antigen-presenting cells. B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells differ from neutrophils in that they synthesize ______

MHC-II receptors

Which of the following is not true of the antigen-independent period of lymphocyte development?

Mature lymphocytes populate lymphatic organs and encounter antigens.

Which lymphocytes lack specificity for antigen and attack cancer cells and virus-infected cells?

Natural killer (NK) cells

Which process involves antibodies covering surface receptors on a virus or toxin molecule, thereby disrupting their activity?

Neutralization

Which process involves antibodies coating microorganisms in order to facilitate phagocytosis?

Opsonization

What type of cells secrete antibodies?

Plasma cells

During which response to the antigen do we display a latent period of no secretory antibody synthesis?

Primary

The array of potential antibodies to the variety of possible antigens is amazing. Which statement explains this development?

Recombination of genes coding for the variable regions of immunoglobulins occurs during the developmental stage of lymphocyte production

Fluzone is a brand name for a very commonly given influenza vaccine. The vaccine is prepared by first harvesting flu viruses in chicken embryos and then breaking apart virus particles into protein subunits, thereby inactivating the virus. Your friend refuses to get the vaccine. Which of these statements is the only valid reason for her not to get the flu vaccine?

She is allergic to eggs.

Activation of B cells can occur when antigen binds to B cell surface immunoglobulin receptors.

TRUE

Antibody molecules circulate in lymph, blood, and tissue fluids.

TRUE

Clonal selection requires the presence of foreign antigens.

TRUE

One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes, but the antibodies will all have the same specificity.

TRUE

The secondary response to an antigen is more rapid and robust than the primary response.

TRUE

The structural and functional differences that distinguish immunoglobulin isotypes are due to variations associated with their Fc fragments.

TRUE

Gamma globulin can be given as immunotherapy to confer artificial passive immunity.

TRUEEE

A cytotoxic T lymphocyte, having been activated against a particular viral antigen, "sees" this same antigen displayed on the surface of a host cell. What will happen?

The cytotoxic T cell will produce proteins that cause the host body cell to die.

Which of the following is not a property of B cells?

They require antigen presented with MHC proteins.

Which of the following statements does not represent the role of a cell marker in the third line of defense?

They serve as transcription factors to initiate antibody production.

You do not really want to get your 3 children vaccinated. Your view is why do it when others around you will get the vaccine and end up protecting you and your children. Which is an accurate statement that your physician may provide to you in response to your challenge to vaccination?

This is not a smart choice. If enough people choose not to get vaccinated, the susceptible population grows to a large size, breaking the protective effect of herd immunity

You have received the first hepatitis A vaccine. It was required for your mission trip to Nicaragua in Central America, where hepatitis A is common. However, you never went back for the booster shot of the vaccine, which should have been received within 6 months of the initial vaccination. What statement accurately reflects your present immunity to this pathogen?

You are at risk to get hepatitis A since your immune status is only partial. Not enough immune memory cells were produced since you received one dosage of vaccine, so you are likely to get the disease when exposed to the virus.

Vaccinia virus is often used in the technique to make

a "Trojan horse" recombinant vaccine.

An example of natural passive immunity would be

a fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta.

Autoimmune disorders are characterized by immune destruction of self tissues. The underlying basis of these disorders

a lack of immune tolerance.

As an adult who never developed chickenpox infection as a child, you elect to receive the protective vaccine against this pathogen at the age of 35. This vaccine will stimulate

a primary immune response.

The major histocompatibility complex is

a set of genes that code for MHC glycoproteins.

Helper T cells

activate B cells and other T cells.

Antigens that elicit allergic reactions are called ______.

allergens

A foreign molecule that causes a specific immune response is a(n) ______.

antigen

Cell surface markers involved in immune reactions

are the result of genetic expression. function in recognition of self molecules. receive and transmit chemical messages among other cells of the system. aid in cellular development.

Superantigens are

bacterial toxins that activate T cells at a 100 times greater rate than other antigens.

An example of natural active immunity would be

chickenpox infection, followed by lifelong immunity

An example of artificial active immunity would be

chickenpox vaccine triggering extended immunity to chickenpox.

All nucleated cells contain

class I MHC.

Destruction of lymphocytes with self-specificity is called ______.

clonal deletion.

Antitoxins

confer passive immunity.

Acellular vaccines and subunit vaccines

contain select antigenic components of a pathogen rather than whole cells or viruses.

The most significant cells in graft rejection are

cytotoxic T cells.

All of the following statements reflect the qualities of a safe and effective vaccine, except

efficacy must be maintained by booster shots every 5 years.

The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a(n) ______.

epitope

The monomer subunit of immunoglobulin molecules has all of the following except

four antigen binding sites.

An example of artificial passive immunity would be

giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease.

Small foreign molecules that are too small by themselves to elicit an immune response are termed ______.

haptens

Lymphocyte maturation involves

hormonal signals that initiate development. B cells maturing in bone marrow sites. T cells maturing in the thymus. release of mature lymphocytes to begin migration to various lymphoid organs.

Edward Jenner's work involved

immunization using a related, less pathogenic organism to give protection against a more pathogenic one.

Antigen presenting cells

include dendritic cells. include macrophages. engulf and modify antigen to be more immunogenic. hold and present processed antigen on their cell membrane surface

Live, attenuated vaccines

include the Sabin polio vaccine. include the measles, mumps, rubella vaccine (MMR). contain viable microbes that can multiply in the person. require smaller doses and fewer boosters compared to inactivated vaccines

During presentation of APC-bound antigen, macrophages and dendritic cells secrete the cytokine _____, which activates T helper cells.

interleukin-1

An activated TH cell produces _____, which is a growth factor for T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells.

interleukin-2

All of the following are characteristics of IgM except

it is a dimer.

Specific immunity provides long-lasting protection through the production of _____.

memory cells

The ability of TC cells to initiate apoptosis in virally-infected cells and cancer cells is dependent on their ability to produce __________ and __________; proteins that punch holes in the target cell membrane.

perforin; granzyme

The antibody-secreting progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called

plasma cells.

Lymphocytes

possess MHC antigens for recognizing self. have membrane receptors that recognize foreign antigens. gain tolerance to self by destruction of lymphocytes that could react against self. develop into clones of B and T cells with extreme variations of specificity.

Class II MHC genes code for

receptors located primarily on macrophages and B cells.

The histocompatibility complex proteins function in

recognition of self.

MHC molecules are found on all of the following cells except ______.

red blood cells

Plasma cells

secrete antibodies.

Cytotoxic T cells

secrete granzymes and perforins that damage target cells.

Class I MHC genes code for

self receptors recognized by T lymphocytes.

High titers of specific antibodies are characteristic of

specific immune globulin (SIG).

The third line of defense against foreign invaders can be described as having _______ and ________.

specificity; memory

The embryonic yolk sac, the liver, and the bone marrow are sites where

stem cells give rise to immature lymphocytes.

The adaptive immune response differs from the innate response in that

the adaptive immune response targets specific immunogens and remembers them, mounting an even stronger response on subsequent encounters, whereas the innate response is nonspecific and has no memory.

Properties of effective antigens include all of the following except

they are large polymers made up of repeating subunits.

Killed or inactivated vaccines are prepared by

treatment with formalin, heat, or radiation.

T cell response to T-dependent antigens requires

typically a protein antigen. binding of the T cell to a class II MHC receptor on a macrophage. binding of the T cell to a site on the antigen. interleukin-1 activating the T helper cell.

In order for B cells to produce antibodies and cytotoxic T cells to attack infected host cells, they must first

undergo maturation, encounter their specific antigen target, and then become activated through cytokines.

Immunotherapy is the

use of antitoxins. use of immune serum globulin. conferring of passive immunity. administering of preformed antibodies.

The region of each antibody molecule where amino acid composition is highly diversified from one clone of B lymphocytes to another is the ______ region.

variable