Chapter 15

Only a small minority of older adults without access to broadband connections view this lack as: a) A major disadvantage. b) An advantage. c) A reason to maintain neighbourliness. d) A financial issue.

a) A major disadvantage.

Jonah and Abigail have been married for 50 years. Jonah is healthy and active, and through his life's work as the owner of a business -- work he deeply loved -- he saved well for retirement. Based on this, which of the following is most likely TRUE? a) Abigail has a high level of well being because her partner has a high level of well being. b) Abigail's well being is certainly far less than that of her partner. c) Jonah would be wealthier if he were not partnered. d) Jonah and Abigail probably have an unhappy partnership.

a) Abigail has a high level of well being because her partner has a high level of well being.

Elderly people's relationships with members of younger generations: a) Are usually positive but can also include tension and conflict. b) Are usually negative but can also have some aspects that are mutually beneficial. c) Do not have a significant impact on their life and happiness. d) Are usually good with those much younger, such as grandchildren, but strained with those just one generation removed.

a) Are usually positive but can also include tension and conflict.

Which of the following activities is one of the ADLs? a) Bathing. b) Shopping. c) Paying bills. d) Preparing a family meal.

a) Bathing.

A family of many generations but with only a few members of each generation is called a _____ family. a) Beanpole. b) Nuclear. c) Stratified. d) Collective.

a) Beanpole.

In parent and adult child relationships, _____ feel stronger affection toward their parents. a) Daughters. b) Sons. c) Those who live physically close together. d) Those who are emotionally close.

a) Daughters.

Which theory focuses on the gender divisions promoted by society? a) Feminist. b) Continuity. c) Disengagement. d) Sexist.

a) Feminist.

Brad has added a room to his house in anticipation of his elderly parents moving in with him. As their oldest son, he feels obligated to provide care for them out of a sense of: a) Filial responsibility. b) Family ethics. c) Guilt. d) Surrogate parenting.

a) Filial responsibility.

Which state has the highest proportion of people over the age of 65? a) Florida. b) California. c) Arizona. d) Maine.

a) Florida.

Compared to single older adults, elderly partners tend to be: a) Happier and wealthier. b) Happier but poorer. c) Poorer and less happy. d) Wealthier but less happy.

a) Happier and wealthier.

_____, in which grandparents provide for grandchildren because the parents have been judged neglectful or abusive, works as well as other comparable arrangements for the children but can be difficult for grandparents in a wide variety of ways. a) Kinship foster care. b) Companionate grandparenting. c) Volunteer caregiving. d) Extended family-building.

a) Kinship foster care.

In the U.S., elderly Hispanics seem to have a _____ advantage over elderly non-Hispanics. a) Longevity. b) Income. c) Health care. d) Education.

a) Longevity.

When older Americans move, they are most likely to move: a) Not far from their old residence. b) To a warm climate. c) To the town where they were born. d) To the countryside, where it is quiet and where there is less crime.

a) Not far from their old residence.

____ provides social status, financial security, and independence for older adults. a) Paid employment. b) Volunteer opportunities. c) Retirement. d) Medicare.

a) Paid employment.

Which of the following statements about older people and religion is TRUE? a) Religious institutions provide a valuable social network to the aging. b) Belief in the afterlife may explain the high numbers of suicide among African American women. c) Faith decreases with age and experience. d) Religious identity is never as significant as ethnic identity in the lives of older adults.

a) Religious institutions provide a valuable social network to the aging.

Grandparents who are emotionally distant but who are honoured, respected, and obeyed by grandchildren are considered to have which of the following grandparenting styles? a) Remote. b) Involved. c) Surrogate. d) Companionate.

a) Remote.

The idea that opportunities and roles are determined based on age is referred to as: a) Stratification by age. b) Selective optimization. c) Self-actualization. d) Social stagnation.

a) Stratification by age.

Which of the following statements about selective optimization with compensation is TRUE? a) With it, older adults decide how to accomplish something despite their limitations. b) Older adults who use it have poor self- efficacy. c) It was first emphasized by Freud and Erikson. d) It assumes that older adults must find new hobbies given their increasing challenges.

a) With it, older adults decide how to accomplish something despite their limitations.

Ed and Janet have been married for 60 years. When asked to share their secret to a long marriage, Ed replied: a) "We spend ample time apart." b) "We have learned how to disagree." c) "She depends on me for money." d) "We each have our own friends instead of a combined social circle."

b) "We have learned how to disagree."

What proportion of adults over the age of 65 volunteer in formal settings? a) 1/2. b) 1/4. c) 3/4. d) 1/3.

b) 1/4.

What percentage of older adults volunteer in political campaigns? a) 1. b) 2. c) 3. d) 5.

b) 2.

About one in every _____ long-term marriages is not satisfying to at least one person in the couple. a) 10. b) 6. c) 2. d) 4.

b) 6.

Psychological health in old age is based on: a) The belief that one's particular faith or ethnicity is superior to that of others. b) A feeling that there is continuity in experience and traditions among generations. c) A focus on pleasure and immediate needs. d) The regular attendance of religious services.

b) A feeling that there is continuity in experience and traditions among generations.

According to Erikson, each new experience throughout life requires: a) Both assimilation and accommodation. b) A reassessment of identity. c) Selective optimization. d) Stratification.

b) A reassessment of identity.

One crucial factor in the success of long-term marriages is: a) A sense of agreement on everything. b) A strong sense of shared experiences. c) A more active sex life. d) The trend toward living apart together.

b) A strong sense of shared experiences.

All of the following workers are quite likely to remain in the paid labor force after age 60 EXCEPT: a) An English professor. b) A unionized mechanic at a local factory. c) An independently employed cleaning lady. d) A judge in a state court.

b) A unionized mechanic at a local factory.

ADLs are: a) Aged developmental limitations. b) Activities of daily life. c) Alzheimer disease lessons. d) Associations for disabled living.

b) Activities of daily life.

Who is most likely to be the healthiest and happiest at age 70? a) Jan, who never married and lives alone. b) Annette, who lives with her husband of 40 years. c) Carly, who has been a widow for 14 years and did not remarry. d) Susan, who has been divorced for 23 years and lives with her daughter.

b) Annette, who lives with her husband of 40 years.

About one-third of older people will be frail for _____ before they die. a) The final month. b) At least a year. c) Approximately a decade. d) The last twenty years.

b) At least a year.

The most important buffer against the loss that comes from retirement and widowhood is having: a) Several grandchildren. b) At least one close friend. c) Paid caregivers. d) A home of one's own.

b) At least one close friend.

Xavier had strong social connections and community ties throughout his adult life, and mentored many individuals while in his career as a business manager. He was also an active volunteer in his community. Now that he is retired, Xavier will most likely: a) Become socially isolated as he disengages from his work. b) Become an active volunteer or find other ways to remain socially engaged. c) Actually return to work because his professional life is his sole source of identity. d) Experience rapidly declining health and well-being as he becomes more and more isolated.

b) Become an active volunteer or find other ways to remain socially engaged.

Which of the following responses to weakening leg muscles in an older person is the best response in terms of maintaining self-efficacy? a) Using a walker and minimizing movement decrease risks. b) Beginning a strength-training regimen. c) Continuing with daily life without change. d) Moving to an assisted-living facility.

b) Beginning a strength-training regimen.

Religious involvement correlates with _____ because it promotes social relationships and healthy habits. a) Higher levels of stress. b) Better health. c) Core wealth. d) Earlier death.

b) Better health.

The style of grandparenting is the most common in the United States is the _____ style. a) Involved. b) Companionate. c) Remote. d) Traditional.

b) Companionate.

Life satisfaction for the elderly correlates with: a) Work. b) Companionship. c) Sexual activity. d) Income.

b) Companionship.

In older adults, a positive world view: a) Correlates with less well being. b) Correlates with believing that life is meaningful. c) Is associated with increased family conflict. d) Is associated with increased responsiveness to regretful events.

b) Correlates with believing that life is meaningful.

After mandatory retirement was outlawed on a federal level in the 1980s, the average retirement age: a) Increased dramatically. b) Decreased. c) Stayed the same. d) Was no longer measured.

b) Decreased.

The most controversial version of social stratification theory is _____, in part because it can be used to justify ageism and social isolation. a) Compensation. b) Disengagement. c) Optimization. d) Activity.

b) Disengagement.

Lloyd has retired from his career as a city administrator, disengaging from his work life. In a case like this, disengagement one area of life: a) Means that Lloyd will certainly disengage from all other areas of life, too. b) Does not necessarily mean that Lloyd will disengage from other areas of life. c) Proves that disengagement theory is more accurate than activity theory. d) Is the start of Lloyd's decline

b) Does not necessarily mean that Lloyd will disengage from other areas of life.

People who are over the age of 65, and often over the age of 85, who are physically infirm, very ill, or cognitively disabled are referred to as the: a) Distant grandparents. b) Frail elderly. c) Dependent old. d) Isolated elderly.

b) Frail elderly.

The responsibility for preventing frailty among the elderly in a society falls with: a) Adult children of aging parents. b) Governments, families, and individuals. c) The youngest generation and public policy officials. d) Medical professionals.

b) Governments, families, and individuals.

Most studies of marriages of long duration find that compared to younger adults, the elderly are: a) More open to the possibility of divorcing. b) Happier in their marriages. c) No longer interested in sexual interaction. d) More likely to dwell on areas of disagreement.

b) Happier in their marriages.

Gender-stratification theory recognizes that men and women are pushed into certain roles because of their sex, roles that may ultimately: a) Limit women but not men. b) Harm them in late adulthood. c) Keep society intact. d) Make them better spouses.

b) Harm them in late adulthood.

The crucial stratification variable in the well being of the elderly is _____, which causes a lifetime of stresses including less education, less health care, and accumulating disadvantages of many kinds. a) The age of retirement. b) Low income. c) Age. d) Family size.

b) Low income.

Which of the following statements about family caregivers of the frail elderly is true? a) Daughters-in-law are often grateful that they can reciprocate for nurturing they once received. b) Most caregivers have no prior experience taking care of the frail elderly. c) Caregiving is universally a depressing and unrewarding task. d) Public agencies frequently provide services to compensate for needs the caregiver is unable to fulfill.

b) Most caregivers have no prior experience taking care of the frail elderly.

Research indicates that having a partner and children is: a) Essential for happiness in late adulthood. b) Not essential for happiness in late adulthood. c) More common with each generation. d) Likely to increase one's allostatic load.

b) Not essential for happiness in late adulthood.

The requirement for membership in AARP is that the person is: a) Retired. b) Over 50. c) Over 65. d) Collecting Social Security.

b) Over 50.

Claire and Dennis have lived in the same house for over 40 years. They reared their children there and were actively involved in the neighbourhood. As they age, their children want them to move to a nearby small apartment. Like many other older adults, Claire and Dennis: a) Look forward to moving to a new home. b) Prefer to age in place. c) Are divided on the decision, as women in general prefer to move to moving during retirement. d) Would actually prefer to head to a warmer climate than stay local.

b) Prefer to age in place.

Laniya's three grandchildren live with her because their mother is in jail. The term for the family structure that best describes the household of Laniya and her grandchildren is: a) Nuclear. b) Skipped generation. c) Adoptive. d) Extended family.

b) Skipped generation.

Theories that describe the ways in which societies place people on a particular life path are called: a) Self theories. b) Stratification theories. c) Continuity theories. d) Activity theories.

b) Stratification theories.

As he ages, a professional musician begins to limit his repertoire, to practice more before concerts, and to change the way he sits when he plays. He is: a) Giving in to the despair of the last stage of the life cycle. b) Using selective optimization with compensation. c) Becoming less ambitious and creative. d) Showing the early signs of Alzheimer's disease.

b) Using selective optimization with compensation.

The increased allostatic load that African Americans experience as a result of years of stress related to discrimination is referred to as: a) Self theory. b) Weathering. c) Disengagement. d) Integrity.

b) Weathering.

What percentage of those over the age of 74 in the United States have never married? a) 12. b) 10. c) 4. d) 2.

c) 4.

By age 65, what percentage of adults are grandparents? a) 75. b) 80. c) 85. d) 90.

c) 85.

The view that elderly people need to remain active in a variety of social spheres is called: a) Stratification theories. b) Positivity effect. c) Activity theory. d) Disengagement theories.

c) Activity theory.

The antithesis of disengagement theory is _____ theory. a) Epigenetic. b) Identity. c) Activity. d) Feminist.

c) Activity.

Companionate grandparents are: a) Emotionally distant elders. b) Actively involved in the day-to-day life of their grandchildren. c) Happy to be independent of the daily demands of child rearing. d) Least likely to be close to their adult children.

c) Happy to be independent of the daily demands of child rearing.

Marge was asked to select a cherished object from her life. She chose a small tarnished picture frame with a photo of her with her mother, taken when she was a girl. Her selection demonstrates her attempt to: a) Portray her object as a valued antique. b) Be young again. c) Hold on to her identity. d) Be more like her mother.

c) Hold on to her identity.

Generally, where do the elderly prefer to live? a) In a planned retirement community. b) With their children or other relatives. c) In their own homes. d) In nursing homes.

c) In their own homes.

Erikson called the final crisis of development: a) Optimization versus compensation. b) Generativity versus stagnation. c) Integrity versus despair. d) Activity versus disengagement.

c) Integrity versus despair.

Mrs. Smith lives in the same house as her grandchildren and cares for them everyday. Her grandparenting is: a) Surrogate. b) Remote. c) Involved. d) Companionate.

c) Involved.

Which of the following occupations still has a legal mandatory retirement age? a) Doctor. b) Lawyer. c) Jet pilot. d) Teacher.

c) Jet pilot.

In the U.S., which of the following activities is one of the IADLs? a) Eating. b) Toileting. c) Keeping a budget. d) Growing vegetables in a garden.

c) Keeping a budget.

A study by Brasson et al (2012) indicated that the brains, bodies, and behaviours of adults diagnosed with _____ were more like those of younger adults; they did not age in the appropriate way. a) The positivity effect. b) Compulsive hoarding. c) Late-life depression. d) Disengagement.

c) Late-life depression.

The fact that Maine, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia follow Florida as the states with highest proportion of residents over age 65 illustrates that: a) Most elderly people want to retire to warmer environments. b) Only a few states have an adequate number of planned retirement communities. c) Most people prefer to age where they have always lived. d) The old tend to congregate in a few parts of the country.

c) Most people prefer to age where they have always lived.

Self theories emphasize: a) Social forces. b) Levels of discrimination. c) Perceptions of self. d) Circumscribed opportunities.

c) Perceptions of self.

Denmark, which has the highest proportion of happy seniors, mitigates stratification by income by: a) Requiring, by law, that younger family members financially support elders. b) Limiting family size to one child per household. c) Providing free health care and subsidized senior housing. d) Allowing no retirement.

c) Providing free health care and subsidized senior housing.

Mildred and Louis are respected and obeyed by their grandchildren, who they see on holidays a few times a year. They would be described as _____ grandparents. a) Involved. b) Companionate. c) Remote. d) Surrogate.

c) Remote.

_____ theories claim that social forces limit individual choice and direct life, especially in late adulthood. a) Dynamic. b) Self. c) Stratification. d) Stage.

c) Stratification.

The elderly may not participate in social networking for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: a) They may fear new technology. b) They have privacy concerns. c) They are unable to learn new things. d) They have a lack of internet service.

c) They are unable to learn new things.

With regard to elections and public policy debates, the elderly tend: a) To always vote in support of their economic interests. b) To uniformly support the candidate or measure endorsed by AARP. c) To identify with a political party. d) To look to their adult children for guidance.

c) To identify with a political party.

The term "social convoy" refers to the truism that: a) He who travels fastest travels alone. b) It is not healthy to spend time alone. c) We travel through life in the company of others. d) We need a strong leader in times of conflict.

c) We travel through life in the company of others.

In recent years, the rates of social networking among those aged 65 and older increased by what percent? a) 15. b) 40. c) 75. d) 100.

d) 100.

When many adults who moved into a neighbourhood decades earlier never leave the area, the result is: a) Assisted living. b) An empty nest. c) A universal design. d) A naturally occurring retirement community.

d) A naturally occurring retirement community.

Today, most never-married older adults are: a) Pitied or ridiculed. b) Still seeking a mate. c) Unlikely to have a mate or partner of any kind. d) About as happy as people in long-term marriages.

d) About as happy as people in long-term marriages.

Typically, who does more housework after retirement than before? a) Men. b) Women. c) Hired caregivers. d) Both men and women.

d) Both men and women.

What is the usual response when the elderly and their adult children are asked how much they contribute to the relationship? a) Both underestimate. b) Older adults overestimate; younger adults underestimate. c) Younger adults overestimate; older adults underestimate. d) Both overestimate.

d) Both overestimate.

Martha has accumulated such large piles of old papers and magazines that she can no longer use her table or desk, and she has held on to so much old furniture and clothing that many rooms in her home cannot be entered. In her attempts to hang on to various material items from her life, Martha developed: a) A positivity effect. b) A good strategy for aging in place. c) Universal design. d) Compulsive hoarding.

d) Compulsive hoarding.

A man who is almost 65 years old develops a passive style of interaction and withdraws from his connections with younger people. Which theory says this behaviour is a natural part of aging? a) Continuity. b) Self-actualization. c) Selective optimization. d) Disengagement.

d) Disengagement.

When it comes to intergenerational relationships, conflict is more likely in _____ relationships than in distant ones. a) Married. b) Long-lasting. c) Newly formed. d) Emotionally close.

d) Emotionally close.

The difference between ADLs and IADLs is that: a) ADLs are simple enough that even the frail elderly can do them independently. b) IADLs are the same across cultures. c) ADLs require professional training. d) IADLs require some intellectual competence.

d) IADLs require some intellectual competence.

Yvette looks back at her life with pride, even though some aspects of her personal history include errors on her part. Yvette is in the stage that Erikson called: a) Generativity versus stagnation. b) Optimization versus compensation. c) Activity versus disengagement. d) Integrity versus despair.

d) Integrity versus despair.

Grandparents who are active in the daily lives of their grandchildren are said to be _____ grandparents. a) Companionate. b) Surrogate. c) Distant. d) Involved.

d) Involved.

According to Erikson, integrity versus despair is the focus of: a) Adolescence. b) Early adulthood. c) Middle adulthood. d) Late adulthood.

d) Late adulthood.

Older immigrants tend to be: a) Happy and financially stable due to retirement savings. b) Well integrated into extended family life, as is the norm in the United States. c) Isolated but provided for by social welfare programs. d) Lonely and poor, without a U.S. work history or the benefit of extended family life to support them.

d) Lonely and poor, without a U.S. work history or the benefit of extended family life to support them.

Marietta babysits two days a week for her school-age grandchildren, and regularly gives her neighbor, who can no longer drive, a ride to the grocery store and doctor appointments. She also frequently sends small amounts of money to her daughter, who has just returned to college. Which of the following statements about Marietta's activities is NOT true? a) These informal activities are not measured in statistics about the volunteer work of the elderly. b) Many elderly people provide this kind of informal volunteer assistance to others. c) This work, like all volunteer work, is likely to increase Marietta's well being. d) Marietta would be better off volunteering with an organization, as to really help others, she needs more structure to her activities.

d) Marietta would be better off volunteering with an organization, as to really help others, she needs more structure to her activities.

Multi-generational families appear to be most beneficial for: a) Elephants. b) Children. c) The sandwich generation. d) People from each generation.

d) People from each generation.

Age, gender, ethnicity, and income are the four major categories of _____; as such, they can limit choice at every stage of life. a) Cognitive development. b) Socioeconomic status. c) Self theories. d) Stratification.

d) Stratification.

Which of the following is NOT a possible reason that elders don't volunteer in higher numbers? a) Many structured volunteer activities are short, intense experiences that aren't designed for the elderly. b) Older people may be afraid to leave familiar environments. c) Organizations often lack recruitment and training efforts aimed at older volunteers. d) The elderly usually do not want to give time or money to assist others.

d) The elderly usually do not want to give time or money to assist others.

In what way are older Americans the LEAST politically active? a) Voting. b) Writing letters to elected officials. c) Staying informed on current events. d) Volunteering on political campaigns.

d) Volunteering on political campaigns.