Chapter 15 special senses

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Considering the wavelengths of light received and abundance of various photoreceptors, which color is best received by the retina?

yellow

The structure that supports the organ of Corti is the

basilar membrane.

The vibrations received by the tympanic membrane are transferred to the oval window by the

auditory ossicles.

The external acoustic meatus includes all of the following except the

auditory tube.

The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by ________ in the air.

chemicals

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

ciliary body

Identify the structure labeled "9."

ciliary zonule

The largest numbers of taste buds in adults are associated with the

circumvallate papillae.

The cornea is part of the

fibrous layer.

Gustatory receptors are found in the taste buds of all the following papillae except

filiform.

All of the following is a function of tears except

maintains acidic environment.

Name the three tiny bones located in the middle ear, from lateral to medial.

malleus, incus, and stapes

The hair cells of the utricle and saccule are clustered in

maculae.

Each gustatory cell extends ________ (or taste hairs) into the surrounding fluids through a narrow taste pore.

microvilli

The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of

olfactory receptors.

The middle ear communicates with the nasopharynx through the

pharyngotympanic tube

A ________ is a basic unit or packet of light energy.

photon

An elongate outer layer containing membranous discs and a narrow connecting stalk that attaches the outer segment to the middle layer describes a(n)

photoreceptor

The visual receptors of the retina are called

photoreceptors.

The space between the iris and ciliary body and the lens is the

posterior chamber.

All of the following are true of the lacrimal glands except that they

produce a strongly hypertonic fluid.

The palpebrae do not

produce tears

All of the following are true of the fibrous layer of the eye except that it

produces aqueous humor.

The opening in the iris through which light passes is the

pupil

Identify the three types of cones.

red, green and blue cones

There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated

red, green, and blue.

When light encounters a medium of different density, it is bent or

refracted.

Identify the structure labeled "12."

retina

A pigment synthesized from vitamin A is

retinal

Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

rhodopsin

In the retina, the correct sequence of neural wiring is

rod - bipolar cell - ganglion cell - thalamus.

Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the

saccule and utricle.

________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color.

Cones

Identify the structures labeled "8."

auditory ossicles

In the human eye, most refraction occurs when light passes through the

cornea.

The transparent portion of the fibrous layer is the

cornea.

A typical gustatory cell survives for only about ________ days before it is replaced.

10

Which structure contains the receptors for hearing?

11

________, or pinkeye, results from damage to or irritation of the conjunctival surface.

Conjunctivitis

Axons leaving the olfactory epithelium collect into ________ or more bundles that penetrate the cribriform plate of the ethmoid.

20

Identify the structure that is covered up by the stapes.

4

The olfactory receptor cell can be activated by as few as ________ odorant molecules.

4

An adult has approximately ________ taste buds, each of which contains ________ different receptor cells.

5,000; 40-100

Which structure is known as the vestibule?

6

The visible spectrum for humans extends between a wavelength of 400 nm and ________ nm.

700

What is a generator potential? (Module 15.1B)

A generator potential is the depolarization of sensory neurons capable of generating an action potential.

All of the following occur when a rod is stimulated by light, except

ATP is hydrolyzed.

Taste receptors are distributed in which of the following places?

All of the answers are correct.

All of the following are true regarding the retina except

All of the information from the retina goes directly to the occipital cortex.

________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

Bipolar

________ glands produce a secretion commonly called earwax.

Ceruminous

Define decibel. (Module 15.20A)

Decibels are units of the intensity of sound.

How could a diet deficient in vitamin A affect vision?

Deficiency in vitamin A reduces the amount of retinal that the body could produce, thereby interfering with night vision.

Why does the near point of vision typically increase with age?

Elasticity of the lens decreases with age.

________ fills the membranous labyrinth.

Endolymph

Describe filiform papillae. (Module 15.3B)

Filiform papillae are epithelial projections that are slender and conical. They provide friction for the tongue to move objects in the mouth, but they do not contain taste buds.

Define focal point.

Focal point is the point at which the light rays from an object intersect on the retina.

Define gustation.

Gustation is the sense of taste.

What are gustducins? (Module 15.4A)

Gustducins are G protein complexes that use second messengers to produce the depolarization in the cell from sweet, bitter, and umami sensations.

Define emmetropia.

It is the term for normal vision.

How would a molecule that mimics cAMP not affect an olfactory receptor?

It would decrease sodium permeability.

Describe olfaction.

Olfaction is the sense of smell.

________ glands are modified sebaceous glands located along the margin of the eyelid that secrete a lipid-rich product.

Tarsal

Compare olfactory receptors with receptors for the other special senses. (Module 15.1C)

Olfactory receptors are the dendrites of specialized excitable olfactory neurons, whereas the receptors for the other special senses are receptor cells with inexcitable membranes and form synapses with the processes of sensory neurons.

Define optic radiation.

Optic radiation refers to bundles of projection fibers linking the lateral geniculate bodies of the thalamus with the visual cortex in each cerebral hemisphere.

Name the fluids found within the scala vestibuli, scala tympani, and cochlear duct.

Perilymph fills the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. Endolymph fills the cochlear duct.

Why do things look blurry underwater without dive goggles or a mask?

Rather than air, light is moving from water into the cornea and is thus refracted too little for a sharp focus.

________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light.

Rods

Compare rods with cones.

Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color.

Cite the functions of sensory receptors in the saccule and utricle. (Module 15.18B)

Sensory receptors in the saccule and utricle are sensitive to changes in horizontal movement and vertical movement, respectively.

Where do the special senses originate? (Module 15.1A)

Special senses originate at the sensory receptor.

Identify the structures of the bony labyrinth.

The bony labyrinth contains the semicircular canals, vestibule, and cochlea.

Which of the following statements concerning vision is false?

The entire retina receives equal representation in the visual cortex.

How do the semicircular canals and the semicircular ducts differ? (Module 15.17B)

The semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth, and the canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth.

Define otoliths. (Module 15.18A)

They are densely packed calcium carbonate crystals that sit upon the gelatinous otolithic membrane in the maculae.

When the basilar membrane moves, what happens to the hair cells of the spiral organ?

They press against the tectorial membrane.

A patient who experienced head trauma has lost the ability to taste spicy food. You should expect damage to cranial nerve

V.

Taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves

VII, IX, and X.

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by

When light encounters a medium of different density, it is bent or A) reflected. B) refracted. C) absorbed. D) transduced. E) propagated.

In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater? A) a round lens B) a flat lens C) It doesn't matter, focus distance doesn't change with the shape of the lens.

a flat lens

The first step in the process of photoreception is

absorption of a photon by a visual pigment.

Which of the following is not true about rhodopsin?

activates transducin

Visual pigments undergo which three changes during photoreception?

activation, bleaching, and reassembly

The ciliary muscle contracts to

adjust the shape of the lens for close vision.

The sensory receptors of the semicircular canals are located in the

ampullae.

In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater? A) an object 10 inches away from your nose B) an object 20 feet away C) It doesn't matter, focal distance doesn't change with how far away an object is.

an object 10 inches away from your nose

Identify the space labeled "1."

anterior chamber

The space between the cornea and the iris is the

anterior chamber

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stereocilia?

bending these produces receptor potential in hair cells

What are the two configurations of retinal?

bent 11-cis form and the linear 11-trans form

Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to

bind to receptors in olfactory dendrites.

Which taste receptors offer a survival advantage when tasting something for the first time? (Module 15.3C)

bitter and sour receptors

The neural layer contains all of the following except

blood vessels.

The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth.

bony labyrinth

The abnormality that develops when a lens loses its transparency is known as

cataracts.

Olfactory information is first received by which part of the brain?

cerebrum

Olfactory glands

coat the olfactory epithelium with a pigmented mucus.

Where is the spiral organ located?

cochlea of the internal ear

Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is ________ deafness.

conductive

The ________ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye.

conjunctiva

Which layer of the eye would be the first affected by inadequate tear production?

conjunctiva

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term aqueous humor

constantly produced and recycled

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________.

constriction; dilation

Which of the following is not true of the vascular layer of the eye?

contains photoreceptors

A sudden rise of room brightness would cause

contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles.

Which type of lens would correct hyperopia?

converging lens (with at least one convex surface)

When during photoreception is ATP required? (Module 15.12C)

conversion of 11-trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal

Identify the structure labeled "7."

cornea

Which eye structure does not contain blood vessels?

cornea

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order?

cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid

Olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity inferior to the perforated bony structure known as the

cribriform plate.

The elevated ridges within the ampullae of the semicircular canals that support the hair cells are known as a

crista ampullaris.

Which cells develop into the photoreceptors?

ependymal cells of the outer layer of the optic cup

The formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of

equilibrium.

Sound travels directly to the eardrum through the

external auditory canal.

Identify the cranial nerves that carry gustatory information. (Module 15.4B)

facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus nerves

A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close.

hyperopia

Identify the structure labeled "14."

fovea centralis

Light passing through the eye along the visual axis strikes what part of the retina?

fovea centralis

An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the

fovea centralis.

What kind of stimuli can the internal ear sense?

gravity and acceleration, rotation, or sound

The sense of taste is also known as

gustation.

All of the following compose the epithelial projections found on the tongue except

gustatory papillae.

The membrane proteins that respond to chemical stimuli to produce sweet, bitter, and umami sensations are called

gustducins.

The vitreous body

helps to stabilize the eye and give physical support to the retina.

The frequency of a perceived sound depends on

hich part of the cochlear duct is stimulated.

A sound with a frequency of 12,000 hertz would be

high-pitched.

The palpebrae are connected at the

lateral and medial angles of the eye.

Where in the eye is aqueous humor located?

in the anterior cavity, between the cornea and the lens

Which structures develop into the retina? (Module 15.5B)

inner and outer layers of the optic cup

The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the

internal ear.

The part of the eye that determines eye color is the

iris.

The quantity of neurotransmitter that is released by a hair cell corresponds to all of the following except

is greatest when the hair cell is at a neutral position

A structure that is located at the medial angle of the eye and contains glands that contribute to a gritty deposit is the

lacrimal caruncle.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term basilar membrane?

moves up and down when the stapes moves back and forth

A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred.

myopia

The olfactory receptors are highly modified

neurons

Some neural tissues retain stem cells and thus the capacity to divide and replace lost neurons. Which of these special senses can replace its damaged neural receptors?

olfaction

Olfactory receptors send axons through the cribriform plate. They synapse on neurons in the

olfactory bulb.

The olfactory organ consists of the ________ and the lamina propria.

olfactory epithelium

Which of the following is not a component of the lamina propria of the olfactory organ?

olfactory epithelium

Gustatory receptors are not located

on the inferior surface of the tongue.

What is the eye's blind spot?

optic disc

What are the first structures that form during eye development? (Module 15.5A)

optic vesicles

The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the

organ of Corti.

Name the three layers of the eye.

outer fibrous layer, middle vascular layer, deep inner layer

The ________ ear collects sounds waves and transmits them to the ________ ear, which contains auditory ossicles.

outer; middle

The gap that separates the free margins of the upper and lower eyelids is the

palpebral fissure.

Which of the following is not one of the six primary taste sensations?

peppery

Stimulation of nociceptive receptors within the trigeminal nerve might produce a perception of

peppery hot.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term stapes?

seals the oval window

When you spin quickly, you may feel dizzy. Which component of the inner ear generates the sensations that can lead to this feeling?

semicircular canal

The vestibular nuclei at the boundary of the pons and the medulla function in all of the following except that they

send information to the vestibular complex of the inner ear.

Movement of the endolymph in the semicircular canals

signals rotational movements

When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, are you viewing something close up or something in the distance?

something in the distance

The cell bodies of sensory neurons that innervate the hair cells of the cochlea form the ________ ganglion.

spiral

Which of the following produces a lipid-rich secretion that prevents the upper and lower eyelids from sticking together at their edges?

tarsal gland

The structure that overlies the organ of Corti is the

tectorial membrane.

What gives eyes their characteristic color?

the density and distribution of melanocytes in the iris

All of the following descriptions applies/apply to the term myopia except

the eyeball is too shallow.

Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on

the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule.

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive

white

A loud noise does not cause

the generation of a wave with a high frequency.

What happens to the pupils when light intensity decreases?

the pupils dilate to let in more light

When an external force bends the stereocilia of the inner ear hair cells,

there is a change in the transmembrane potential

All of the following are true of olfactory pathways except

they project first to the mammillary bodies and then to the thalamus.

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term otoliths?

tiny weights necessary for the static sense of equilibrium

What is the function of the auditory tube?

to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term ossicles?

transmit movement of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear

Identify the structure labeled "3."

tympanic membrane

Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements by the

tympanic membrane

The auditory ossicles connect the

tympanic membrane to the oval window.

The external ear ends at the

tympanic membrane.

Which of the following anatomical sequences is correct?

tympanum - malleus - incus - stapes - oval window - round window

The taste sensation that is triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as

umami.

The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity.

utricle and saccule

An abnormal illusion of movement is called

vertigo.

Where are visual images perceived?

visual cortex of the occipital lobe

The gelatinous material found in the posterior cavity is the

vitreous humor.


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