chapter 15 the atmosphere

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what percentage of the atmosphere is composed of oxygen?

21 percent

normal precipitation had a pH of about 5.6. what might acid precipitation have, ?

4.6

in general, warm air can hold less water vapor than cooler air:

False, more

climate refers to atmostphereic conditons over short time periods, typically hours or days, and within relatively small areas.

False, weather

fossil fuels

a carbon-containing fuel formed over millions of years from the remains of living things

secondary air pollutants

a harmful substance produced when a primary pollutant reacts with other substances

air mass

a large body of air in which properties such as temperature, pressure & humidity are similar

primary air pollutants

a pollutant released directly into the troposphere

montreal protocol

a treaty that limits the production of chlorofluorocarbons

is the force exerted by air on the area below it:

air pressure

clean air act

an act that sets strict standards for air quality and strengthens the governments ability to enforce regulations

smog

an unhealthy mixture of air pollutants that can form over cities and nearby areas

the _____ is the thin layer of gasses that surrounds earth

atmostphere

a device in a motor vehicle that reduces the amount of air pollutants in emissions is a :

catalytic converter

ozone depletion was caused by the following chemicals, which were used in refrigerators and aerosol spray cans

chlorofluorocarbons

describes the pattern of atmospheric conditons in large geographic regions over long periods of time

climate

what is the source of most air pollution?

combustion of fossil fuels

substances, such as smoke and carbon monoxide, released into the air are called

emissions

the transfer of heat(energy) through space is called conduction

false, radiation

The ozone layer is found within the troposphere

false, stratosphere

ozone is beneficial when it is in the troposphere

false, stratosphere

as a result of the clean air act, today, gasoline used by cars and trucks in the united states contains very LARGE quantities of lead

false: small

the boundary between air masses that differs in temperature and moisture is called a

front

how does carbon monoxide interfere with your bodys ability to deliver oxygen to cells?

it binds to hemoglobin, thus depriving cells of oxygen

how does carbon monoxide affect human health?

it interferes with the bodys ability to deliver oxygen to cells

how does the ozone layer benefit living things on earth?

it protects life from the suns ultraviolet rays

what is a provision of the clean air act?

it sets aside funds for research into pollution control

carbon-containing fuels, or fossil fuels, formed millions of years ago from the remains of

living organisms

the ozone hole was located primarily above

montreal, canada

what is the main source of pollutants in photochemical smog?

motor vehicle emissions

the air you breathe in from the atmosphere is made mostly of

nitrogen

the term____ was used to describe the area of lowered ozone concentration over Antarctica

ozone hole

which type of precipitation may contain acidic pollutants

rain snow sleet

a ratio that compares the amount of water vapor the air contains to the maximum amount that the air could hold at that temperature is

relative humidity

pollutants are removed or changed chemically before they leave factory smokestacks by an:

scrubber

the ______ is the second lowest layer of the atmostphere, as measured from earths surface

stratosphere

a ___ can trap smog close to the surface. it happens when a layer of cool, dense air stays near the ground and under a layer of warm air

temperature inversion

ozone hole

the area of lowered ozone concentration over Antarctica

ozone layer

the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere

temperature inversion

the condition in the troposphere in which a layer of cooler air lives beneath a layer of warmer air

mesosphere

the layer of the atmosphere above the stratosphere, extends 50 to 80 km above sea level

convection currents

the movement in a fluid as warm parts of the fluid rise and cool parts sink

air pollution

the release of damaging materials into the atmosphere

what is the source of the energy that drives air movement in the troposphere and influences weather and climate?

the sun

thermosphere

the top layer of the atmosphere; extends from 80 km above sea level infinitely into space

conduction

the transfer of heat directly between two objects that are in contact with each other

convection

the transfer of heat in a fluid as warm parts of the fluid rise from the heat source and expand

radiation, conduction, and convection are the three main methods of

transferring heat

in which main layer of earths atmosphere does weather most occur?

troposphere

the lowest layer of earths atmosphere, the one directly about the ground, is called the

troposphere

trace amounts of air pollutants may contribute to cancer

true

acid deposition

water vapor containing acids that sticks to the ground as rain, snow, sleet or hail

the pH scale is used to measure

whether solutions are acidic or alkaline

was the Montreal protocol a success? explain

yes bc the ozone hole is closing now


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