Chapter 15.3-15.4 Connect Questions

Blank 1: imprinting Blank 2: methylated

In genomic ___________ , specific genes are __________ during oogenesis or spermatogenesis, but not both.

A. Maintenance methylation

Select the most common process regarding methylation. A. Maintenance methylation B. De novo methylation C. Demethylation

functional elements in the human genome

The ENCODE Consortium is attempting to list all ______.

True

True or false: The methylation state of DNA is inherited during cell division.

Blank 1: covalent

DNA methylation is the ______ attachment of methyl groups to DNA.

Blank 1: tissue Blank 2: specific

Genes that are highly regulated and may be expressed only in certain cell types are called __________ - ___________ genes.

B. Vertebrates

Select the organism with the highest amount of DNA methylation. A. Drosophila B. Vertebrates C. Yeast

Blank 1: de Blank 2: novo

The methylation of DNA that was previously unmethylated is called ___________ __________ methylation.

C. 5'-CG-3'

What DNA sequence is methylated? Multiple choice question. A. 5'-CA-3' B. 5'-AC-3' C. 5'-CG-3' D. 5'-GC-3'

Blank 1: maintenance

A process called ________ methylation seems to be the primary mechanism by which DNA in vertebrate and plant cells are methylated.

Blank 1: DNase I, DNase l, or DNase1 Blank 2: histones or histone

A protein called __________ usually cleaves DNA at sites where regulatory transcription factors bind, but does not usually cleave DNA that is wrapped around ___________

regulatory elements

Data from the ENCODE Project suggests that most DNA sequence changes that are associated with diseases lie within ______ of a gene.

False Reason: Scientists once thought that the human genome is mostly non-functional DNA; however, they have recently discovered that more than 80% of the human genome is linked to a biological function.

True or false: The majority of the human genome is junk DNA with no function.

Blank 1: unmethylated Blank 2: hemi methylated

When a fully methylated DNA segment of DNA is replicated, the newly made daughter strand contains _________ cytosine. This DNA is said to be ________.

housekeeping genes

Genes that code for proteins that are required in most cells of a multicellular organism are called ______.

Blank 1: million Blank 2: proteins or protein

The ENCODE Project mapped more than 4 ________ regulatory regions where _________ specifically interact with the DNA.

Blank 1: diseases or disease

The ENCODE Project predicts that the genetic variation at various DNA regions contributing to certain human _________ will be shown to affect gene expression.

Blank 1: unmethylated

The cytosine's in CpG islands near housekeeping genes are ___________

maintenance

When fully methylated DNA is replicated, it is initially hemimethylated. The hemimethylated DNA is recognized by DNA methyltransferase, which makes it fully methylated. This process is called ______ methylation.

Blank 1: unmethylated Blank 2: methylated

In general __________ CpG islands correlate with active genes, and ____________ CpG islands correlate with suppressed genes.

the allele from the father will be methylated in the somatic cells of the offspring, but the allele from the mother will be unmethylated

In genomic imprinting, following fertilization, if a gene is methylated only during spermatogenesis, ______.

A. The methylation of CpG islands may prevent or enhance the binding of regulatory transcription factors to the promoter region. C. Methyl-CpG binding proteins recruit other proteins that inhibit transcription.

Select all that apply Select the ways methylation can affect transcription. Multiple select question. A. The methylation of CpG islands may prevent or enhance the binding of regulatory transcription factors to the promoter region. B. RNA polymerase movement is hindered by CpG methylation. C. Methyl-CpG binding proteins recruit other proteins that inhibit transcription. D. Methyl-CpG binding proteins recruit other proteins that enhance transcription.

Blank 1: human Blank 2: genome

The central goal of the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) Consortium is to make a comprehensive list of functional elements in the ___________ ____________ , including those that control gene expression.

B. DNA methyltransferase

Which enzyme catalyzes the formation of 5-methylcytosine? Multiple choice question. A. RNA methyltransferase B. DNA methyltransferase C. cytosine methyltransferase

The methylation of DNA that was previously unmethylated

Which of the following represents de novo methylation?

A. Map DNA methylation sites. B. Identify sites of histone modification. E. Identify DNA binding sites for transcription factors. F. Isolate and sequence RNA molecules transcribed by the human genome. G. Identify sites where DNase I can cleave the DNA.

Select all that apply Select the strategies used by ENCODE investigators to identify functional elements in the human genome. Multiple select question. A. Map DNA methylation sites. B. Identify sites of histone modification. C. Identify DNA mutations. D. Identify sites where DNA is phosphorylated. E. Identify DNA binding sites for transcription factors. F. Isolate and sequence RNA molecules transcribed by the human genome. G. Identify sites where DNase I can cleave the DNA.

Blank 1: 5, five, fifth, number 5, or 5th Blank 2: cytosine

DNA methyltransferase is an enzyme that attaches a methyl group to the ___________ position of the ___________ base.

histone deacetylase

In order to inhibit transcription, a methyl-CpG-binding protein would bind to a methylated CpG island and recruit which of the following enzymes to modify the histones in the region?

Blank 1: full Blank 2: hemimethylation

Methylation of the cytosine in both strands is called __________ methylation, and methylation of only one strand is called _________.

Blank 1: deacetylase

When a methyl-CpG-binding protein associates with a methylated CpG island, it recruits an enzyme called histone __________ to modify histone proteins which makes it more difficult to remove nucleosomes from the DNA.

Blank 1: methylated or fully methylated Blank 2: nonmethylated, unmethylated, or non methylated

If fully methylated DNA is introduced into a plant or animal cell, in subsequent generations the DNA will be __________ . If the same sequence of nonmethylated DNA is introduced into a cell, it will be ___________ in daughter cells.

Blank 1: methyl or methylated Blank 2: binding Blank 3: inhibit, repress, stop, suppress, minimize, reduce, or block

Proteins called _________ -CpG- __________ proteins bind methylated sequences and recruit other proteins to the region to __________ transcription.

methylated

CpG islands near the promoters of tissue-specific genes are often ______.

CpG islands

What is the name for stretches of DNA of 1000-2000 bp in length containing a high number of CpG sites that are found near gene promoters?