Chapter 16, 17, & 18 review

What was the Freedmen's Bureau?

A federal agency that assisted former slave by offering them food and clothing and establishing African-American schools.

How did black soliers aid the war effort?

After the Emancipation Proclamation, they enlisted in large numbers. They fought bravely and made a real contribution.

What were the main parts of President Johnson's Reconstruction plan?

Amnesty for most white Southerners; insistence that the new state governments forbid slavery and accept the supreme power of the federal government.

How and when did the Civil War start

April 12, 1861, when the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter.

How did the Ku Klux Klan serve th Democratic Party?

The Klan kept many Republicans away from the polls through violence and intimidation, helping Democrats keep political power.

How did the war change the national economy?

The war encouraged the growth of industry, which began to replace farming as the basis of the national economy.

How did events on the home front show the toll that war was taking there?

There were food riots in the South, and many men deserted the army. "Copperheads" protested against the war in the North, and draft laws resulted in riots in some places.

How did Supreme Court rulings during Reconstruction help weaken African Americans' civil rights?

They took away the federal government's ability to punish civil rights violatiors, making it easier for whites to deny African Americans the right to vote.

Why was the incidence of disease so high among Civil War soldiers?

Unsanitary living conditions; poor personal hygiene; contaminated water and food; poor diet; exposure to rain, cold, and disease-carrying insects.

Why did Congress not pass a land-reform plan?

Congress believed that African Americans' newly gained civil rights were enough to ensure them a better life.

What goal of the Union strategy did Grant further, and how did he do it?

Cutting the Confederacy in two; by gaining control of forts along the Mississippi.

How did Grant defeat Lee?

He kept attacking Lee's forces in Virginia, pushing Lee back and finally forcing his surrender.

What reason did the House give for impeaching President Johnson?

He violated the Tenure of Office Act.

How did Sherman's march help the Union?

It devasted the South and raised spirits in the North, helping Lincoln get reelected.

How was the Thirteenth Amendment different from the Emancipation Proclamation?

It freed slaves throughout the United States, not just in the Confederacy, and outlawed slavery in the whole United States.

Why was the Battle of Gettysburg so important?

It halted Lee's invation of the North and helped turn the tide of the war.

How did Lee's appointment to head the Army of Northern Virginia affect the course of the war?

Lee won battles, took the offensive, and turned the war around so that a Confederate victory seemed possible.

Who wre scalawags and carpetbaggers?

Scalawags were Southerners who went along with Radical Reconstruction. Carpetbaggers were Northerners who traveled to the South to take part in Reconstruction.

What new systems of labor developed in the South after the Civil War?

The contract system: planters paid former slaves to work their plantations; sharecropping: plantation owners provided farmers with tools and land in exchange for a share of their crops.

What caused an economic depression in the 1870's?

The failure of several powerful banks prompted a financial panic.

Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?

Because he thought that freeing the slaves would weaken the Sounth and help win the war.

Why did the Fifteenth Amendment arouse anger in many women?

Because it gave the right to vote to male immigrants and freedmen but not to women.

Why did some people say the Civil War was a "rich man's war but a poor man's fight"?

Because it was easier for wealthy people to avoid the draft thanpoor people.

What was the typical Civil War soldier like?

Between 18 and 30 years of age; a farmer; born in the United States; white; patriotic.

How did enslaved persons help the Union?

By slowing down the pace of their work; carrying out saotage; by joining the Union army.

Why did so many people volunteer to fight in the Civil War?

Looking for adventure; following what other people were doing; out of a sense of loyalty to their country or state.

How did the use of rifles and minie balls change war tactics?

Made cavalry charges and traditional assaults outdated.

Why did the North have such a hard time capturing Richmond, Virginia?

McClellan was too cautious.

What advantages did the North have at the beginning of the war?

More people; 85 percent of the nation's factories; more than double the railroad mileage; almost all the naval power and shipyards, President Lincoln.

What were the war strategies of the two sides?

The South planned a defensive war, hoping that the North would give up and King Cotton would cause Europe to aid the Confederacy. The North planned a naval blockade of the South's coastline, a drive to gain control of the Mississippi River, and an attempt to capture the Confederate capital.