Chapter 16

The most common neurodegenerative diseases in the United States include

Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and multiple sclerosis.

centenarians usually

Do not use tobacco or drink heavily Maintain healthy weight Eat many fruits and vegetables Perform daily physical activity Challenge their minds Have a positive outlook Maintain close friendships and social networks Are or were married (especially for men)

drinking more fluid.Consuming adequate amounts of protein and ______ helps maximize the health of the immune system in elderly individuals.

zinc

drinking for older adults

- 1 drink per day - even one drink might increase breast cancer risk

The aging USA

- Between 1997 and 2050, the population aged 85+ years in the United States is expected to increase from 3.4 to 19 million - Even more amazing, 1 million or more people in the United States could be over 100 years old in 2050. - people older than age 65 account for just 13.8% of the U.S. population, they account for more than 33% of all prescription medications used, 35% of acute hospital stays, and 30% of the federal health budget.

zinc deficiencies

- In addition to less than optimal dietary zinc intake during adulthood, zinc absorption declines as stomach-acid production diminishes with age. - taste sensation losses, mental lethargy, declines in immune function, and the delayed wound healing

vit. E deficiencies

- Low vitamin E intake means that the body has a reduced supply of antioxidants, which may increase the degree of cell damage caused by free radicals, promote the progression of chronic diseases and cataracts, and accelerate the aging process. - In addition, low vitamin E levels can lead to declines in physical abilities.

MIND diet

- MIND stands for Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay - a hybrid of the nutrient-rich Mediterranean eating pattern with the low-calorie, low-sodium DASH Diet. - The MIND diet's 10 brain-healthy foods include green leafy vegetables, other vegetables, nuts, berries, beans, whole grains, fish, poultry, olive oil, and wine. - The five foods to limit include red meats, butter and stick margarine, cheese, pastries and sweets, and fried or fast food.

sodium limits

- The Dietary Guidelines advise adults to consume less than 2300 milligrams of sodium per day. - For adults over age 50; those with existing hypertension, prehypertension, diabetes, or kidney diseases; and all African-Americans, the upper limit is even lower: 1500 milligrams per day.

Life expectancy in North America

- about 76 years for men and about 81 years for women - about 64 healthy years - with reaching age 80, expect 7-10 more years

age intervals

- ages 19 through 50 are often referred to as young adulthood - 51 to 70 as middle adulthood - beyond 70 years of age as older adulthood.

alcohol metabolism

- alcohol requires no digestion and is most efficiently absorbed - liver is the primary site for alcohol metabolism, and some may also be metabolized by the cells lining the stomach. - The main pathway of alcohol metabolism involves the enzymes alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase.

some negative effects that medications and supplements can have

- antibiotics can deplete the body of vit. K - Iron supplements can interfere with the functioning of zinc and copper - diuretics and laxatives can cause excess water loss

migraines

- biological/lifestyle RFs: family history, age, gender, hormonal changes, genetics, and lifestyle behaviors. - food triggers: chocolate, cheese, citrus, alcohol, and coffee.

micronutrients that need special attention because they tend to be present in less than optimal amounts in the diets of many adults

- calcium - vitamin D - iron - zinc - magnesium - folate - vitamins B-6, B-12, and E.

standard drink

- contains about 14 grams alcohol. - 12 fl oz beer - Malt liquor has a slightly higher alcohol content than beer, so the standard drink size is 8 to 9 fluid ounces. - wine, a 5-fluid-ounce glass is standard. - hard liquor, such as whiskey or rum, is the size of a shot glass—1.5 fluid ounces

The primary changes in body composition that occur with aging are

- diminished lean body mass - increased fat stores - decreased body water.

moderate drinking

- men, moderate drinking is no more than 4 drinks in 1 day AND no more than 14 drinks per week - women, moderate drinking is no more than 3 drinks in 1 day AND no more than 7 drinks per week.

alcohol benefits

- slightly less than one drink per day for women - 2 drinks per day for men

ageing

- the physical and physiological changes in body structure and function that occur throughout adulthood as humans mature and become older. - 20% to 30% of longevity can be attributed to genetics.

Basal metabolic rate declines by about ___ per decade after age 30

2%

Studies suggest that about ______ of a person's risk for developing alcohol-related disorders is genetic.

40%

strength training

8 to 10 exercises performed 2 to 3 days per week

avoid the following herbal ingredients:

Chaparral Comfrey Germander Hai gen fen Jin bu huan Kava kava Kombucha tea Lobelia Magnolia Mandrake Paraguay tea Penny-royal Pokeroot Sassafras Senna Stephania Tung shueh Willow bark Yohimbe

Which of the following is not part of the DETERMINE acronym?

Depression

Mack is constipated. Recommendations to alleviate constipation include

drinking more fluid.

Binge drinking

drinking so much within 2 hrs that BAC > 0.08 g/dL

calcium and vitamin D deficiencies

They become particularly problematic after age 50. Inadequate intake of these nutrients, combined with their reduced absorption, the reduced synthesis of vitamin D in the skin, and the kidneys' decreased ability to put vitamin D in its active form, greatly contributes to the development of osteoporosis.

sarcopenia

age-related loss of lean muscle mass

Heavy drinking

anything above moderate drinking limits

flexibility exercises

at least 2 to 3 times per week

Successful aging

describes physiological declines that occur only because one grows older, not because lifestyle choices, environmental exposures, and chronic disease have accelerated the aging process and assaulted body tissues.

A person with a deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase would

become intoxicated at low levels of alcohol intake.

The dietary manipulation that is most significantly related to longevity in animal studies is

calorie restriction

Researchers believe that maintaining ____ _____ mass may be the most important strategy for successful aging

lean muscle

life expectancy

lifetime expected for a demographic

lifespan

max length of time a person may live

Usual aging

refers to those changes commonly thought to be a typical or expected part of aging, such as increasing body fatness, decreasing lean body mass, rising blood pressure, declining bone mass, and increasingly poor health.