Chapter 16

6. Criteria pollutants are those that A. Contribute the most to air quality degradation B. Are most highly toxic even in small quantities C. Are easiest to get rid of D. Cause the most damage to buildings E. Set the standards for other pollutants

A. Contribute the most to air quality degradation

39. Sudbury, Ontario's copper-nickel smelter is notorious for having A. Destroyed the local ecosystem with sulfur-laden smoke B. Caused brown lung disease in miners C. Spread cyanide in nearby rivers D. Caused childhood leukemia in nearby neighborhoods E. Caused all of these

A. Destroyed the local ecosystem with sulfur-laden smoke

29. Stable air masses over cities and warm updrafts between tall buildings often create _________ in and near cities. A. Dust domes of suspended pollutants B. Cyclonic dust storms C. Convective rain storms D. Low pressure zones that dissipate pollution E. High pressure zones that dissipate pollution

A. Dust domes of suspended pollutants

21. A major source of VOCs is A. Incomplete burning of hydrocarbons B. Combustion of sulphur-containing fuel C. Photochemical oxidation D. CO in the atmosphere E. CO2 in the atmosphere

A. Incomplete burning of hydrocarbons

15. Anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are A. Increasing at the rate of about 0.5 percent per year B. Easily determined with recent technological advances C. Measured with a great deal of precision D. All offset by carbon storage in northern forests E. All of these are correct

A. Increasing at the rate of about 0.5 percent per year

35. The most common human health response to air pollution is A. Inflammatory responses in sensitive tissues B. Lung cancer C. Blindness caused by deteriorating eye tissues D. Skin cancer E. Heart disease

A. Inflammatory responses in sensitive tissues

22. Which of the following statements is true? A. Most carbon monoxide produced in the United States comes from internal combustion engines (cars). B. Nearly all emissions of sulfur compounds are anthropogenic. C. Overall, in the past twenty years, air pollution conditions have steadily decreased in most North American and Western European cities. D. Volatile organic compounds are produced exclusively by human activity. E. None of these is correct.

A. Most carbon monoxide produced in the United States comes from internal combustion engines (cars).

10. A common example of a photochemical oxidant is A. NO2 B. H2S C. CO2 D. Methane E. All of these are correct

A. NO2

17. Lead is dangerous because it acts as a(n) A. Neurotoxin B. Asphyxiant C. Irritant D. Respiratory fibrotic agent E. Carcinogenic agent

A. Neurotoxin

2. Primary pollutants are those that are A. Released directly in dangerous forms B. Produced in the greatest quantities C. The most dangerous D. The most threatening to people E. Classified by the EPA as the most dangerous and abundant

A. Released directly in dangerous forms

49. Norilsk, Russia has been notable in recent years for its A. Widespread and terrible pollution conditions B. Severe acid deposition C. Complete lack of industrial pollution D. Steady and successful cleanup accomplishments E. None of these is correct

A. Widespread and terrible pollution conditions

3. Secondary pollutants A. Harm only vulnerable members of a population B. Become dangerous after reacting in the atmosphere C. Are produced in lesser quantities than primary pollutants D. Are less dangerous than other pollutants E. Are classified by the EPA as the second-most dangerous and abundant

B. Become dangerous after reacting in the atmosphere

44. Tall smokestacks were effective ways of A. Decreasing pollution B. Displacing and dispersing pollution C. Cleaning up air pollution D. Eliminating the effects of pollution E. Concentrating pollutants for easier cleanup

B. Displacing and dispersing pollution

42. One of the principal ways lakes suffer from acid deposition is that A. Rocks on the bottom begin to dissolve B. Fish eggs die and fish populations fall C. Aquatic vegetation turns yellow D. Plants grow excessively and choke other life E. All of these can happen in a lake from acid deposition

B. Fish eggs die and fish populations fall

28. Los Angeles has especially bad inversion problems because it A. Lies on a flat space by the ocean B. Is in a warm climate and is partly ringed by mountains C. Occupies such a large geographical area D. Generally has cloudy skies at night E. All of these are correct

B. Is in a warm climate and is partly ringed by mountains

48. Worldwide, air pollution control efforts are least advanced or least successful in A. Major cities of leading industrialized countries B. Major cities of developing countries C. Small towns of developing countries D. Rural areas of industrialized countries E. Small towns of leading industrialized countries

B. Major cities of developing countries

18. Many fish contain high levels of _____________ and should either not be eaten or their consumption should be limited. A. Lead B. Mercury C. Chloroform D. Ozone E. Chlorophyll

B. Mercury

9. The brown haze in smog is caused by A. Sulfuric acid B. NO2 C. Carbon monoxide D. Chlorofluorocarbons E. Particulates

B. NO2

14. The most dangerous airborne particulates are those that are A. Large enough to damage the skin and eyes B. Small enough to be drawn into the lungs C. Anthropogenic D. Liquid E. Produced in industrial settings

B. Small enough to be drawn into the lungs

7. Which of the following criteria pollutants result mainly from burning coal? A. Photochemical oxidants B. Sulfur dioxide C. Suspended particulate materials D. Methane E. Carbon monoxide

B. Sulfur dioxide

41. Which of the following is the best example of synergistic effects? A. The disappearance of plant life around Sudbury, Ontario B. The prevalence of cancer among smokers exposed to asbestos fibers C. The appearance of PCBs in residents of remote Arctic villages D. Cancer caused by fibrosis in the lungs E. Chlorosis in plant leaves

B. The prevalence of cancer among smokers exposed to asbestos fibers

46. Electrostatic precipitators prevent fly ash from escaping by A. Filtering them B. Using electrodes to give particles an electrostatic charge C. Preventing their production in the first place D. Gravity E. Burning the fly ash completely with electrodes

B. Using electrodes to give particles an electrostatic charge

4. ________ are examples of secondary pollutants. A. Aerosols B. Volatile organic compounds C. Photochemical oxidants D. Combustion gases E. Fugitive emissions

B. Volatile organic compounds

34. Pollutants such as chlorofluorocarbons deplete atmospheric ozone A. When nitrogen combines with O3 to form NOx B. When chlorine-containing molecules are oxidized at the expense of O3 C. Because chlorine is most stable as ClO3 D. When carbon reacts with O3 to form CO3 E. None of these is correct

B. When chlorine-containing molecules are oxidized at the expense of O3

13. An aerosol is A. A chemical propellant B. A rigidly defined chemical composition C. Any liquid droplet or solid particle suspended in air D. Not considered as hazardous to human health as other air pollutants E. Not as apparent in the air as other air pollutants

C. Any liquid droplet or solid particle suspended in air

37. An irreversible obstructive lung disease is called A. Asthma B. Bronchitis C. Emphysema D. Fibrosis E. Upper respiratory infection

C. Emphysema

12. Carbon monoxide is produced by A. Normal respiration by animals B. Normal respiration by plants C. Incomplete burning of fuels D. Photochemical oxidation of carbon E. The burning of sulfur-laden coal

C. Incomplete burning of fuels

43. What type(s) of building(s) and monument(s) is(are) most susceptible to acid damage? A. Granite and basalt B. Wood C. Limestone and marble D. Concrete and brick E. Brick and bronze

C. Limestone and marble

8. The term NOx is often used because A. There are many different oxides of nitrogen B. It is usually unclear how oxidized nitrogen is C. NO2 and NO easily convert into each other D. Many different molecules often attach to NO E. The pollutant is a nitrous oxide and the "Ox" identifies the oxygen

C. NO2 and NO easily convert into each other

24. Aesthetic degradation is a term that describes A. Health risks associated with pollution B. Primarily the brown color of smoggy air C. Noises, odors, and light pollution D. The discomfort of knowing that the air is dirty E. The apparent form of air pollution because they leave dirty residues

C. Noises, odors, and light pollution

40. Pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and ozone cause A. Relatively little damage to plants B. Mortality in most plants C. Reduced yields in crop plants as well as visible damage D. Damage only to highly sensitive plant species E. Immediate chlorosis and then death to most plants

C. Reduced yields in crop plants as well as visible damage

20. Photochemical oxidation reactions are driven by A. The great instability of the reactants B. The heat of industrial activity C. Solar energy D. Entropy E. Light, regardless of whether it is the sun or indoor light

C. Solar energy

31. ___________ ozone is harmful, damaging plants and human health while ozone at the _________ level screens out mutagenic ultraviolet radiation. A. Stratospheric; troposphere B. Thermospheric; mesosphere C. Tropospheric; stratosphere D. Mesospheric; thermosphere E. Stratospheric; mesosphere

C. Tropospheric; stratosphere

36. Persistent inflammation of bronchi in the lungs is known as A. Asthma B. Fibrosis C. Pulmonary toxicosis D. Bronchitis E. An upper respiratory infection

D. Bronchitis

47. Cars use ______ to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. A. Afterburners B. Electrostatic precipitators C. Fluidized bed combustion D. Catalytic converters E. Bag filters

D. Catalytic converters

19. Which of the following is NOT a volatile organic compound? A. Benzene B. Methane C. Formaldehyde D. Chlorofluorocarbons E. Terpene

D. Chlorofluorocarbons

26. Which of the following statements is false? A. The likelihood of having radon gas in your home depends largely upon the geology and soil types in your region. B. According to the EPA, toxic air pollutants are generally much more concentrated indoors than outdoors. C. One of the reasons indoor air pollutants are so dangerous is the high amount of time people are indoors. D. In the less-developed countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, there is less indoor air pollution than in developed countries. E. All of these statements are true.

D. In the less-developed countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, there is less indoor air pollution than in developed countries.

30. Native peoples living in the Canadian Arctic have some of the highest recorded PCB concentrations in their bodies because of A. Unusually high susceptibility to contamination B. Concentrated natural occurrence of PCBs in that region C. Local production of PCBs D. Long-range transport of airborne pollutants E. An industrial accident that left the persistent PCBs in the environment

D. Long-range transport of airborne pollutants

23. Ozone is produced by A. Incomplete burning of fuels B. Combustion of sulphur-containing fuel C. Decaying organic matter D. Photochemical oxidation E. The burning of coal

D. Photochemical oxidation

25. A temperature inversion occurs when A. Two warm air layers surround a cold air layer B. Two cold air layers overlay a warm air layer C. Stable cold air overlays warm air D. Stable warm air overlays cold air E. Air turbulence causes mixing between air layers

D. Stable warm air overlays cold air

5. Fugitive emissions are produced by A. Smokestacks B. Power plants and other heating equipment C. Reactions between pollutants and atmospheric gases D. Strip mining, rock crushing, and other dust-producing activities E. Industry and must go through a smokestack for filtration

D. Strip mining, rock crushing, and other dust-producing activities

45. Large filter bags can be used by industries to _________ airborne pollutants. A. Electrostatically precipitate B. Displace C. Disperse D. Trap E. Prevent

D. Trap

33. There are serious signs that ozone depletion may lead to A. Increased incidence of skin cancers B. Increased incidence of blindness C. Depletion of plankton populations D. Reduced agricultural production E. All of these

E. All of these

11. Sulfur trioxide A. Is a secondary pollutant B. Is formed by the oxidation of sulfur dioxide C. Reacts with water to form sulfuric acid D. Is a major component of acid rain E. All of these are correct

E. All of these are correct

38. If stagnant air is trapped in the lung alveoli, the air sac swells and A. Blood circulation is blocked B. Cells die from lack of O2 C. Cells die from lack of nutrients D. The walls of the alveoli break down and are no longer able to exchange gases E. All of these occur

E. All of these occur

1. The US governmental agency responsible for regulating air pollutants is the A. National Park Service B. Fish and Wildlife Service C. Bureau of Reclamation D. Bureau of Remediation E. Environmental Protection Agency

E. Environmental Protection Agency

32. The "ozone hole" is a depletion currently most serious A. At the most populated latitudes B. Over North America C. In tropical latitudes D. Near the equator E. In Antarctica

E. In Antarctica

16. The most common metallic air pollutant is A. Iron B. Cadmium C. Nickel D. Mercury E. Lead

E. Lead

27. Formaldehyde is an especially problematic indoor pollutant because it is A. Far more toxic than most other substances B. Produced naturally by the earth below buildings C. So difficult to detect D. Highly carcinogenic E. Used in so many household materials

E. Used in so many household materials

50. Human-produced pollutants are different from natural particulates and gases because they are almost always chemically more dangerous.

false

51. Although coal burning contributes a very small amount, the high mercury levels in fish result from spills of mercury directly into the water.

false

52. The discharge of mercury and dioxins (both HAPs) is decreasing.

false

53. Grasshopper transport causes contaminants to accumulate in the low latitudes, close to the equator.

false

55. Acid precipitation often occurs downwind from dust-producing industries.

false

56. Hydrocarbon emissions are produced mainly by cement manufacturing industries.

false

57. Old power plant facilities have been kept operating, expanding their capacity rather than building new ones because the older facilities have minimal contributions to smog and acid rain.

false

54. Synergistic effects occur when there is more damage of exposure when two factors are together.

true