Chapter 16

In the context of the communication process in advertising, using the Internet as a medium when only a small percentage of an intended market has access to it is an example of an error related to: A. feedback. B. decoding. C. message channel selection. D. encoding. E. message selection.

C. message channel selection.

In the international communications process, the sales force of a company that conveys the encoded content to the intended receiver acts as a(n) _____. A. decoder B. interpreter C. receiver D. message channel E. noise

D. message channel In the international communications process, the sales force and/or advertising media convey the encoded message to the intended receiver and thus it acts as a message channel.

All of the following are specific objectives of sales promotion EXCEPT: A. immediate purchase. B. consumer introduction to the store. C. gaining retail point-of-purchase displays. D. building brand loyalty. E. encouraging stores to stock the product.

D. building brand loyalty.

With respect to advertising, _____ is especially important when a budget is small or where there are severe production limitations. A. class distinction B. politicization C. inventory analysis D. creativity E. following a formula

D. creativity

A proper encoding system allows a company to correct errors before substantial damage occurs.

FALSE A proper feedback system allows a company to correct errors before substantial damage occurs.

Due to their inherent entertainment value, satellite TV and the Internet have become major communications media in almost all nations.

FALSE Possibly because of their inherent entertainment value, radio and television have become major communications media in almost all nations.

_____ in countries can distort media choice by changing the cost ratios of various media. A. Advertising taxation B. Language C. Power distance D. Cultural traits E. Dialect

A. Advertising taxation

Cremics, a multinational drug manufacturing company, used a saffron trident in a promotional campaign for one of its drugs in India. The saffron trident, a religious symbol in India, was meant to indicate the three levels of efficacy of the drug but mistakenly conveyed a religious message to Indians. This miscommunication indicates a problem associated with which of the following steps of an international communications process? A. Encoding B. Noise cancellation C. Media channel selection D. Message transmission E. Information source selection

A. Encoding

Janet works for a media agency based in Japan. Janet is helping the integrated marketing communications (IMC) manager of Siljure, a French cosmetics company, with the design and content to be used in an upcoming promotional campaign in Japan. The IMC manager knows what to convey but wants to advertise it in a culturally relevant manner. Which step of the international communications process is Janet helping Siljure with? A. Encoding of the message B. Choosing an appropriate channel for the message C. Decoding of the message D. Providing feedback from customers E. Reducing noise from competing ad campaigns

A. Encoding of the message

Meta Garbon, a manufacturer of sports bicycles, in a bid to tap the enormous market for bicycles in China promote their cycles as premium sporting and leisure bicycles. They use various cycling legends and sports celebrities as brand ambassadors and use television, radio, and newspapers as media. Bicycles in China are used mainly by the working class for commutation, and the main users of bicycles did not relate to Meta Garbon's products, and the promotional campaign was a failure. During which of the following steps of the international communications process did Meta Garbon most likely go wrong? A. Information source selection B. Selection of message channel C. Encoding D. Decoding E. Noise cancellation

A. Information source selection

Which of the following elements of integrated marketing communications is related to encouraging the press to cover positive stories about companies and managing unfavorable rumors, stories, and events? A. Public relations B. Direct selling C. Trade shows D. Personal selling E. Sales promotion

A. Public relations A public relations job consists of not only encouraging the press to cover positive stories about companies but also managing unfavorable rumors, stories, and events.

Which of the following is an example of the primary function of a product? A. The ability of a camera to take a picture B. The design and form factor of a phone C. The color of a laptop D. The prestige associated with driving a car E. The shape of speakers

A. The ability of a camera to take a picture A market offering really is a bundle of satisfactions the buyer receives. This package of satisfactions, or utilities, includes the primary function of the product or service, along with many other benefits imputed by the values and customs of the culture.

Which of the following is true of advertising agencies for international advertising? A. The cross-cultural communication between a foreign client and a local agency can be problematic. B. A multinational agency always has the best feel for a market. C. Only a multinational agency can provide the best cultural interpretation in a situation in which local modification is required. D. Only a local domestic agency can provide a company with a high level of sophistication. E. Agency commission patterns are consistent throughout the world.

A. The cross-cultural communication between a foreign client and a local agency can be problematic.

Which of the following statements is true of sales promotions? A. They are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middlemen effectiveness and cooperation. B. C. They are long-term efforts directed to a manufacturer or supplier. D. They primarily involve activities that encourage the press to cover positive stories about companies. E. They are ineffective in markets where consumers are hard to reach. F. They are the only element of the marketing mix that are affected by cultural differences among country markets.

A. They are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middlemen effectiveness and cooperation Sales promotions are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middlemen effectiveness and cooperation.

Due to differences in culture in different markets, standardized products that are marketed globally will most likely require: A. a different advertising appeal. B. a different primary function. C. consistent promotional messages. D. a standardized marketing strategy. E. standardized secondary attributes.

A. a different advertising appeal. In many cases, standardized products may be marketed globally. But because of differences in cultures, they still require a different advertising appeal in different markets.

Sales promotions are short-term efforts directed to the consumer or retailer to achieve specific objectives such as: A. consumer product trial or immediate purchase. B. reducing promotional expenses. C. discouraging stores to stock a product. D. eliminating the need for retail point-of-purchase displays. E. long-term performance of a product.

A. consumer product trial or immediate purchase. Sales promotions are short-term efforts directed to the consumer or retailer to achieve such specific objectives as consumer product trial or immediate purchase, consumer introduction to the store or brand, gaining retail point-of-purchase displays, encouraging stores to stock the product, and supporting and augmenting advertising and personal sales efforts.

Of the seven steps involved in international advertising, _____ almost always represents the most daunting task for international marketing managers. A. developing messages B. selecting effective media C. executing the campaign D. composing and securing a budget E. specifying the goals of the communication

A. developing messages Of the seven steps in developing international advertising, developing messages almost always represents the most daunting task for international marketing managers.

Companies that rely on television infomercials and television shopping are restricted by the limitations placed on the _____ of television commercials permitted when their programs are classified as advertisements. A. length and number B. religious content C. subliminal messaging D. superlative description E. ethnic derision

A. length and number

In the context of consumer products, which of the following is the major limitation of the Internet? A. Knowledge of how to use the Internet B. Coverage of the Internet C. Government regulations on the use of the Internet D. Difficulty in tracking the effectiveness of advertisements on the Internet E. Cost of using the Internet

B. Coverage of the Internet

In the context of international advertising, _____ is the neon capital of the world. A. Paris B. Hong Kong C. London D. Sydney E. Brasília

B. Hong Kong

Which of the following is true of the newspaper industry around the world? A. In many countries, newspapers hardly have any trouble achieving complete market coverage. B. Most U.S. cities have just one or two major daily newspapers. C. In many countries, advertisements can be run in a newspaper without any time lag. D. Since there is an indication that the space for advertising is paid for, it is easy to tell exactly how much advertising appears in a given newspaper. E. Japan has more than 15 national daily newspapers, but the circulation numbers are the lowest.

B. Most U.S. cities have just one or two major daily newspapers.

_____ allows ESPN to fill visual real estate—blank walls, streets, stadium sidings—with computer-generated visuals that look like they belong in the scene. A. Self-extracting archive B. Princeton Video Imaging C. High Definition Television D. HighMAT (High Performance Media Access Technologies) E. Conditional Access System

B. Princeton Video Imaging

_____ are considered to be major communications media in most countries due to their inherent entertainment value. A. Newspapers and magazines B. Radio and television C. Newspapers and billboards D. Billboards and television E. Radio and newspapers

B. Radio and television

Which of the following statements about advertising laws around the world is correct? A. Advertising of pharmaceuticals is unrestricted in most countries. B. Toy, tobacco, and liquor advertising is restricted in numerous countries. C. Advertising on television is unregulated in most countries. D. The Internet is the only medium where no restrictions exist in any country. E. Television ads are exempted from tax in all countries.

B. Toy, tobacco, and liquor advertising is restricted in numerous countries.

In the international communications process, an international marketing executive with a product message to communicate specifically acts as a(n) _____. A. decoder B. information source C. receiver D. encoder E. noise source

B. information source

Using newspapers or magazine ads as a channel of communication when the majority of the intended users are illiterate is an example of ineffective _____ in the communications process. A. feedback B. media channel selection C. noise D. market selection E. message selection

B. media channel selection

In Spain, a new medium for advertising called Publicoche includes: A. lasers projected onto clouds. B. private cars that are painted with advertisements. C. buses fitted with television sets showing promotional messages. D. financing of popular sporting and entertainment events. E. hot air balloons printed with promotional messages.

B. private cars that are painted with advertisements.

In the communications process in advertising, during the _____ stage, a consumer takes certain actions to respond to a decoded message. A. feedback B. receiver C. message channel selection D. encoding E. source identification

B. receiver

In-store demonstrations, samples, coupons, contests, and sweepstakes are examples of _____ devices. A. personal selling B. sales promotions C. content marketing D. direct selling E. public relations

B. sales promotions Cents-off, in-store demonstrations, samples, coupons, gifts, product tie-ins, contests, sweepstakes, sponsorship of special events such as concerts, the Olympics, fairs, and point-of-purchase displays are types of sales promotion devices.

Direct mail is an unpopular medium in Chile because: A. the literacy level in Chile is extremely low. B. the letter carrier must collect additional postage for every item delivered. C. it uses paper; hence, it is considered as a threat to the environment. D. its reach is extremely limited. E. it is subject to complicated government regulations.

B. the letter carrier must collect additional postage for every item delivered. In Chile, direct mail is virtually eliminated as an effective medium because the sender pays only part of the mailing fee; the letter carrier must collect additional postage for every item delivered. Obviously, advertisers cannot afford to alienate customers by forcing them to pay for unsolicited advertisements.

In the context of international advertising, companies are moving from the commission system to a _____ system. A. tactical B. standardized C. reward-by-results D. self-regulation E. business-to-business

C. reward-by-results

_____ are the major components in the marketing communications mix for most companies. A. Public relations and advertising B. Direct selling and trade shows C. Advertising and personal selling D. Public relations and sales promotions E. Direct selling and sales promotions

C. Advertising and personal selling

Which of the following is an example of comparative advertising? A. An ad using a scantily clad model to promote a soft drink B. An ad showing a celebrity smoking his preferred brand of cigarettes C. An ad showing a dog choosing one brand of dog food over another D. An ad showing the superiority of synthetic materials used in its products as compared to cotton E. An ad using shocking or taboo material to promote a product

C. An ad showing a dog choosing one brand of dog food over another

_____ in advertising is a thorny issue, because most member countries of the European Commission have different interpretations of what constitutes a misleading advertisement. A. Discrimination B. Endorsement C. Deception D. Plagiarism E. Fear mongering

C. Deception

_____ spend more time on social media sites than any users in any other country. A. Mexicans B. Americans C. Israelis D. Spaniards E. Italians

C. Israelis

In the context of integrated marketing communications, which of the following best defines public relations? A. It is the usage of funds collected from the common public for manufacturing a product in the inaccessible regions of a market. B. It is the direct sale of goods at discount rates to the public at trade fairs. C. It the creation of good relationships with popular press to help communicate messages to their customers, the general public, and governmental regulators. D. It is the distribution of samples and coupons directly to the public in the inaccessible regions of a market. E. It is the sale of goods to the public based on their credit ratings.

C. It the creation of good relationships with popular press to help communicate messages to their customers, the general public, and governmental regulators. Creating good relationships with the popular press and other media to help companies communicate messages to their publics—customers, the general public, and governmental regulators—is the role of public relations.

Which of the following countries has the most egregious control over advertising, where each medium has its own censorship board that passes judgment on any advertising even before it is submitted for approval by the Ministry of Information. A. Germany B. France C. Myanmar D. Australia E. Argentina

C. Myanmar

Blogs, virtual worlds, and video sharing are examples of media commonly known as _____. A. global media B. local media C. social media D. Texas Visual Imaging E. widespread media

C. social media

In the international communications process, _____ is defined as the interpretation by the receiver of the symbolism transmitted from an information source. A. encoding B. message selection C. decoding D. message channel selection E. feedback evaluation

C. decoding

An especially effective promotional tool when a product concept is new or has a very small market share is _____. A. sponsorship B. sweepstakes C. product sampling D. contests E. product tie-ins

C. product sampling An especially effective promotional tool when the product concept is new or has a very small market share is product sampling.

Certain advertising media are forbidden by government edict to accept some advertising materials. Such restrictions are most prevalent in: A. the Internet forums. B. personal selling initiatives. C. radio and television broadcasting. D. trade shows and exhibitions. E. direct selling and sales promotions.

C. radio and television broadcasting.

The assault on advertising of _____ is escalating, as evidenced by the World Health Organization launching a global campaign against it. A. trans fat B. alcohol C. tobacco D. pharmaceuticals E. animal-derived products

C. tobacco

In the context of media planning and analysis, billboards are especially useful in countries: A. with high income levels. B. where the laws governing the Internet are very complicated. C. with high illiteracy rates. D. where sales promotions are ineffective. E. where people prefer buying in small quantities.

C. with high illiteracy rates.

During which step of the international communications process does the receiver of the message interpret symbolism transmitted from an information source? A. Selecting a message B. Encoding C. Selecting a message channel D. Decoding E. Identifying the sources of noise

D. Decoding The interpretation by the receiver of the symbolism transmitted from an information source is known as decoding.

Of all the elements of the marketing mix, decisions involving _____ are those most often affected by cultural differences among country markets. A. direct selling B. public relations C. trade shows D. advertising E. sales promotion

D. advertising Of all the elements of the marketing mix, decisions involving advertising are those most often affected by cultural differences among country markets.

In the context of international advertising, it has been observed that advertising expenditures are generally _____. A. linear B. supplemental C. mutually reinforcing D. cyclical E. constrained

D. cyclical

In the context of the communications process in advertising, problems of literacy, media availability, and types of media create challenges in the communications process at the _____ step. A. feedback B. decoding C. amplification D. encoding E. message selection

D. encoding

The only way to avoid linguistic problems in advertising communication is by: A. creating an entirely new advertisement for the new market. B. using only English in all media promotions. C. developing a new version of the product for the new market. D. in-country testing with the target consumer group. E. using facial expressions and physical gestures in the advertisement.

D. in-country testing with the target consumer group.

Of all the elements of the marketing mix, decisions involving which of the following is most often affected by cultural differences among country markets? A. Price of the product B. Benefits offered by the product C. Services offered along with the product D. The place of offering the product E. Advertisement of the product

E. Advertisement of the product Of all the elements of the marketing mix, decisions involving advertising are those most often affected by cultural differences among country markets.

_____ might be classified as an aspect of sales promotions or public relations, though their connections to advertising are also manifest. A. Corporate entrepreneurship B. Corporate sustainability C. Corporate governance D. Corporate espionage E. Corporate sponsorship

E. Corporate sponsorship Corporate sponsorships might be classified as an aspect of sales promotions or public relations, though their connections to advertising are also manifest.

Which of the following is the last step in an international advertising campaign? A. Developing the most effective message(s) for the market segments selected B. Specifying the goals of the communication C. Selecting effective media D. Executing the campaign E. Evaluating the campaign relative to the goals specified

E. Evaluating the campaign relative to the goals specified An international advertising campaign usually ends with evaluating the campaign relative to the goals specified.

Which of the following steps of the international communications process is important as a check on the effectiveness of the other steps? A. Selecting a proper message B. Encoding the message C. Selecting an appropriate channel of communication D. Decoding the message E. Feedback

E. Feedback The feedback step of the communications process is important as a check on the effectiveness of the other steps. Companies that do not measure their communications efforts are likely to allow errors of source, encoding, media selection, decoding, or receiver to continue longer than necessary.

Which of the following is especially vulnerable as EU member states decide which area of regulation should apply to these services? A. Newspaper advertising B. Radio advertising C. Outdoor services D. Personal selling E. Internet services

E. Internet services Internet services are especially vulnerable as EU member states decide which area of regulation should apply to these services.

56. Which of the following elements of the international communications process comprises of external influences such as competitive advertising, other sales personnel, and confusion at the receiving end that can detract from the ultimate effectiveness of the communication? A. Selecting a message source B. Encoding C. Selecting a message channel D. Decoding E. Noise

E. Noise Noise comprises various external influences such as competitive advertising, other sales personnel, and confusion at the receiving end that can detract from the ultimate effectiveness of the communication.

While developing an international advertisement campaign, which of the following is the first step of the process? A. Compose and secure a budget based on what is required to meet goals. B. Specify the goals of the communication. C. Select effective media. D. Execute the campaign. E. Perform marketing research.

E. Perform marketing research. The steps to be performed for developing an international advertisement campaign are: perform marketing research; specify the goals of the communication; develop the most effective message(s) for the market segments selected; select effective media; compose and secure a budget based on what is required to meet goals; execute the campaign; and evaluate the campaign relative to the goals specified.

_____ suffer(s) from issues such as difficulty in assessing taxes, unfair competition, import duties, and privacy. A. The radio B. Direct mail C. Magazines D. Newspapers E. The Internet

E. The Internet As the Internet continues to grow and countries begin to assert control over what is now a medium with few restrictions, increasing limitations will be set. Beyond the control of undesirable information, issues such as pay-per-view, taxes, unfair competition, import duties, and privacy are being addressed all over the world.

The emergence of pan-European communications media will most likely cause companies to: A. opt for localized promotional campaigns. B. opt for greater customization of promotional efforts. C. promote their products only in English. D. use only the Internet as their message channel. E. choose more standardized promotional efforts.

E. choose more standardized promotional efforts. The emergence of pan-European communications media is enticing many companies to push the balance toward more standardized promotional efforts. As media coverage across Europe expands, it will become more common for markets to be exposed to multiple messages and brands of the same product.

Most toy manufacturers would agree that toys cannot be marketed profitably in countries without commercial television advertising directed toward children. In this scenario, commercial television advertising exemplifies the availability of appropriate _____. A. demonstrations B. personal selling services C. direct mailing services D. financial aid E. communication channels

E. communication channels In many markets, the availability of appropriate communication channels to customers can determine entry decisions. For example, most toy manufacturers would agree that toys cannot be marketed profitably in countries without commercial television advertising directed toward children.

In the international communications process, during _____, the message from the source is converted into effective symbolism for transmission to a receiver. A. interpretation B. scrambling C. standardizing D. decoding E. encoding

E. encoding

The _____ step in the international communications process refers to the information about the effectiveness of the message that flows from the receiver (the intended target) back to the information source for evaluation of the effectiveness of the process. A. message channel selection B. interpretation C. encoding D. decoding E. feedback

E. feedback The feedback step in the international communications process refers to the information about the effectiveness of the message that flows from the receiver (the intended target) back to the information source for evaluation of the effectiveness of the process.

Integrated marketing communications are composed of all of the following EXCEPT: A. advertising. B. sales promotions. C. trade shows. D. public relations. E. political rallying.

E. political rallying. Integrated marketing communications (IMC) are composed of advertising, sales promotions, trade shows, personal selling, direct selling, and public relations.

One of the drawbacks of satellites, which is also their strength, is: A. the cost of creating a high quality ad for satellite television. B. the limited market penetration of satellite television. C. the number of intermediaries required for satellite service transmission. D. the government regulations placed on satellite advertising. E. their ability to span a wide geographical region.

E. their ability to span a wide geographical region. One of the drawbacks of satellites is also their strength, that is, their ability to span a wide geographical region covering many different country markets. That means a single message is broadcast throughout a wide area. This span may not be desirable for some products.

With some exceptions, usually a majority of the population of less developed countries can be reached readily through the traditional mass medium of advertising.

FALSE A majority of the population of less developed countries cannot be reached readily through the traditional mass medium of advertising.

Contests, sweepstakes, and sponsorship of special events such as concerts are techniques used for maintaining and improving public relations.

FALSE Cents-off, in-store demonstrations, samples, coupons, gifts, product tie-ins, contests, sweepstakes, sponsorship of special events such as concerts, the Olympics, fairs, and point-of-purchase displays are types of sales promotion devices.

Television is an advertising medium with no restrictions in most countries.

FALSE Companies that rely on television infomercials and television shopping are restricted by the limitations placed on the length and number of television commercials permitted when their programs are classified as advertisements.

For most companies, trade shows and direct selling are the major components in the marketing communications mix.

FALSE For most companies, advertising and personal selling are the major components in the marketing communications mix.

When a message from a source is converted into effective symbolism for transmission to a receiver, the message is said to have been decoded.

FALSE If the message from a source is converted into effective symbolism for transmission to a receiver, the message is encoded. Decoding occurs when the receiver interprets the symbolism transmitted from the information source.

In the context of international advertising, an advertiser should ideally exclude availability, cost, and coverage of media.

FALSE In international advertising, an advertiser must consider the availability, cost, coverage, and appropriateness of the media. Local variations and lack of market data require added attention.

When a marketing executive advertises his product in a newspaper, the newspaper acts as a feedback channel.

FALSE In this case, since the marketer is sending his message to his target audience through a newspaper, the newspaper acts as a message channel.

Industrial advertisers rarely use direct mail for advertising

FALSE Industrial advertisers are heavy mail users and rely on catalogs and sales sheets to generate large volumes of international business.

In the context of international advertising, advertisers prefer global television (satellite broadcasts) due to the availability of accurate market data in most countries.

FALSE Lack of available market data seems to characterize most international markets; advertisers need information on income, age, and geographic distribution, but such basic data seem chronically elusive except in the largest markets. Even the attractiveness of global television (satellite broadcasts) is diminished somewhat because of the lack of media research available

Feedback channels must be carefully selected if an encoded message is to reach the consumer.

FALSE Message channels must be carefully selected if an encoded message is to reach the consumer.

Sales promotions are long-term IMC efforts directed to the consumer or retailer.

FALSE Sales promotions are short-term efforts directed to the consumer or retailer to achieve such specific objectives as consumer product trial or immediate purchase, consumer introduction to the store or brand, gaining retail point-of-purchase displays, encouraging stores to stock the product, and supporting and augmenting advertising and personal sales efforts.

International advertisers use foreign national consumer magazines extensively because they have dependable circulation figures.

FALSE The use of foreign national consumer magazines by international advertisers has been notably low for many reasons. Few magazines have a large circulation or provide dependable circulation figures.

Uncontrollable and unpredictable influences such as competitive activities and confusion that detract from the process of communication are called feedback.

FALSE Uncontrollable and unpredictable influences such as competitive activities and confusion that detract from the process of communication are called noise.

The role of public relations is to create good relationships with the popular press and other media to help companies communicate messages to their publics—customers, the general public, and governmental regulators.

TRUE Creating good relationships with the popular press and other media to help companies communicate messages to their publics—customers, the general public, and governmental regulators—is the role of public relations (PR).

Different cultures often seek the same value or benefits from the primary function of a product.

TRUE Different cultures often seek the same value or benefits from the primary function of a product—for example, the ability of an automobile to get from point A to point B, a camera to take a picture, or a wristwatch to tell time.

Errors at the receiver end of the international communications process can be avoided if the message is encoded properly.

TRUE Errors at the receiver end of the process generally result from a combination of factors: an improper message resulting from incorrect knowledge of use patterns, poor encoding producing a meaningless message, poor media selection that does not get the message to the receiver, or inaccurate decoding by the receiver so that the message is garbled or incorrect

Sales promotions constitute the major portion of the promotional effort in rural and less accessible parts of a market.

TRUE In markets in which the consumer is hard to reach because of media limitations, the percentage of the promotional budget allocated to sales promotions may have to be increased. In some less developed countries, sales promotions constitute the major portion of the promotional effort in rural and less accessible parts of the market.

A reason for the failure of marketing communications is that the message received by the intended audience is not understood because of different cultural interpretations.

TRUE International communications may fail for a variety of reasons: A message may not get through because of media inadequacy, the message may be received by the intended audience but not be understood because of different cultural interpretations, or the message may reach the intended audience and be understood but have no effect because the marketer did not correctly assess the needs and wants or even the thinking processes of the target market.

Competitive advertising is a source of noise in the international communications process.

TRUE Noise comprises external influences such as competitive advertising, other sales personnel, and confusion at the receiving end that can detract from the ultimate effectiveness of the communication.

Of all the elements of the marketing mix, decisions involving advertising are those most often affected by cultural differences among country markets.

TRUE Of all the elements of the marketing mix, decisions involving advertising are those most often affected by cultural differences among country markets.

One of the drawbacks of satellites is also their strength, that is, their ability to span a wide geographical region covering many different cultures.

TRUE One of the drawbacks of satellites is also their strength, that is, their ability to span a wide geographical region covering many different country markets. That means a single message is broadcast throughout a wide area. This span may not be desirable for some products

Problems of literacy, media availability, and types of media create problems in the international communications process at the encoding step.

TRUE Problems of literacy, media availability, and types of media create challenges in the communications process at the encoding step.

Sales promotions are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middlemen effectiveness and cooperation.

TRUE Sales promotions are marketing activities that stimulate consumer purchases and improve retailer or middlemen effectiveness and cooperation.

The feedback step of the international communications process is important as a check on the effectiveness of the other steps.

TRUE The feedback step of the communications process is important as a check on the effectiveness of the other steps.

In the context of advertising, a marketer's self-reference criterion (SRC) affects the ultimate success of the communication.

TRUE The international communications model's significance is that one or all steps in the process, cultural factors, or the marketer's self-reference criterion (SRC) can affect the ultimate success of the communication.

In the context of international advertising, search engines have now become crucial directors of Internet users' attention.

TRUE The sheer proliferation of the number of websites makes it increasingly difficult for a customer to stumble across a particular page. Search engines have now become crucial directors of Internet users' attention.

While developing an international advertisement campaign, the last step of the process is evaluating the campaign relative to the goals specified.

TRUE The steps to be performed for developing an international advertisement campaign are: perform marketing research; specify the goals of the communication; develop the most effective message(s) for the market segments selected; select effective media; compose and secure a budget based on what is required to meet goals; execute the campaign; and evaluate the campaign relative to the goals specified.