chapter 16
Which of the following comments is most likely to be made by the leader of a group characterized by groupthink?
"We have been united on matters in the past and I hope that will continue"
Which of the following would be the best advice to give parents who are concerned about the frequent aggression of their 6 year old son
"make a point of rewarding and praising your son whenever he is socially cooperative and altruistic"
82. Masked bandits might be more liely thank umasked bandits to physcially injure their victims due to
A. Deindividuation
74. University studentswere observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when the thought three others were pulling with them on he same rope. This best illustrates
A. Social loafing
77. Class members are asked to work cooperatively in groups on major course papers. Every member of a group is to receive exactly the same grade based on the quality of the groups paper. This situation is most likely to lead to
A. Social loafing
33 studies of role playing most directly highlight the effects of
Actions on attitudes
66. The presence of others doesn't always lead to social facilitation because
Arousal encourages performance of the most likely response
30 a life insurance salesperson who takes advantage of the foot in the door phenomenon would be most likely to
Ask customers to respond to a brief survey of their attitudes regarding life insurance
75. Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to
B. Exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal
78. In which of the following groups is social loafing least likely
B. Factory workers who are each paid on the basis of the number of bicycles each assembles individually
The just word phenomenon often leads people to
Believe that victims of misfortune deserve to suffer
76. Blindfolded subjects were observed to clap louder when they thought they were clapping alone than when they thought they were clapping with others. This best illustrates
C. Social loafing
115.) According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result in
Frustration
After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of his tires. His action is best explained in terms of the
Frustration aggression principle
In 1963, Pres. Kennedy announced to the Soviet Union that the US would discontinue atmospheric nuclear tests. Soviets responding pos. illustrates
GRIT
adherence to the reciprocity norm is most relevant to the utility of
GRIT
Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This illustrates
Hindsight bias
114.) The ingroup is a set of people with whom we share a common
Identify
57. Conformity resulting from of others options about reality is said to be a response to
Informational social influence
113.) Most children believe their school is better than the other schools. This best illustrates
Ingroup bias
70. How does presence of observers affect a persons performance
It improves performance on easy tasks and hinders a persons performance on difficult tasks
An eagerness to believe that victim of a natural disaster are being punished by god for their sins best illustrates
Just world phenomenon
58. A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage
Nonconformity
65. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to
Perform well learned tasks more efficiently in the presence of others
32 after she was promoted to a high level executive position in the large company for which she worked, Joanna developed more pro business political attitudes. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on attitudes
Role playing
34 Phillip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrates the impact of
Role playing on attitudes
Ever since he lost his job because he was constantly late for work, Richard has become increasingly hostile toward the "government bureaucrats who are leading the country toward bankruptcy." Richard is increasing prejudice is best explained in terms of
Scapegoat theory
Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of
Scapegoat theory
Disparaging or belittling a deprived outgroup provides people with a heightened sense of their own
Self-worth
31 Vanna is tempted to shoplift a gold necklace even though she has negative feelings about shoplifting. vanna is least likely to steal the merchandise if
She is highly aware of her negative feelings about shoplifting
67. Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four ppl watched them they made 80 percent of them. This best illustrates
Social facilitation
69. Norman triplet observed that adolescent ladies would a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same tasks this best illustrates
Social facilitation
62. In all of milgrims obedience experiments participants were deceived about
The amount of shock the victim actually received
41 the experience of empathy is most directly facilitated by
The chameleon effect
42 if one student in a classroom begins to cough, others are likely to do the same. This best illustrates
The chameleon effect
59. In milgrims obedience experience teachers exhibited a somewhat lower level of compliance with an experimenters orders when
The experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale university
64. The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the kilogram experiments best host
The foot in the door phenomena
29 After giving in to her friends request that she drink alcohol w them 16 y o Jessica found that she couldn't resist the pressure they exerted on her to try heroine. Her experience best illustrates
The foot in the door phenomenon
40 cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding
The foot in the door phenomenon
According to the text aggression always involves
The intent to hurt
An eagerness to believe that victims of natural disaster are being punished by god for their sin illustrates
The just word phenomenon
Mr. Ignatenko thinks that most unemployed people are to blame for their own misfortunes. His belief illustrates
The just world phenomenon
White children are better at recognizing white faces than black faces. This illustrates
The other race effect
116.) Montel, a white university student, is on a Academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile towards racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of
The scapegoat theory
63.In 1942 reserved police officers obeyed orders to kill 1500 Jews in the village of jozefow Poland. This accident incident illustrated that people Are most likely to destructively obedient when
They perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures
Twenty wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 pireaneans were arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by pireaneans than by wallonians best illustrates the power of
Vivid cases
164. equity and self disclosure are important to the development of
companionate love
45.) Solomon Asch asked people to identify which of the three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. His research was designed to study..
conformity
Rhonda has just learned that her neighbor Patricia was involved in an automobile accident at a nearby intersection. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error may lead Rhonda to conclude
a. "Patricia's recklessness has finally gotten her into trouble."
People are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value
a. individualism
Students who were told that a young woman had been instructed to act in a very unfriendly way for the purposes of experiment concluded that her behavior
a. reflected her personal disposition
politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrates that
actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes
47.) Conformity is best described as
adjusting ones behavior or thinking towards a group standard
Verbal behavior intended to hurt another person is an example of
aggression
166. the tragic murder of kitty genovese outside her NY apartment stimulated social psychological research on
altruism
99. Prejudice is defined as
an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members
The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly suggests that it is NOT
an unlearned instinct
Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that
animals can be bred for aggressiveness
155. we are likely to prefer friends those who are similar to us in
any of the above areas (attitudes, intelligence, age, economic status)
the fundamental attribution error is most likely to lead observers to conclude that unemployed people
are irresponsible and unmotivated
168. the best explanation for the inaction of bystanders during the Kitty genovese murder is that they failed to
assume personal responsibility for helping the victim
160. in investigating the impact of physical arousal on passionate love, dutton and aron arranged for an attractive woman to briefly interact w/ men who had recently
crossed a swaying footbridge
In order to analyze how people explain others' behavior, Fritz Heider developed
d. attribution theory
Fritz Heider concluded that people attribute others' behavior either to their
d. dispositions or their situations
Recognizing the powerful impact of social influence on others' behaviors is most likely to minimize
d. the fundamental attribution error
100. Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their ski is to engage in
discrimination
102. In several US states where black motorists are a minority of the drivers and speeders of interstate highways, they have been the majority of those stopped and searched by police. This best illustrates
discrimination
A dispositional attribution is to ____ as a situational attribution is to ___
c. personality traits; assigned roles
A tendency to overestimate the extent to which a stranger's violent behavior stems from his or her aggressive personality best illustrates
c. the fundamental attribution error
our attitudes are more likely to guide our actions when we
can easily recall our attitudes
Research on the effects of playing violent video games most clearly provides evidence that disconfirms the
catharsis hypothesis
Initially prejudice heterosexuals are likely to develop more accepting attitudes toward homosexuals following the experience of
face-to-face contact
The presence of enemy bystanders at the scene of an emergency increases the likelihood that any individual bystander will
fail to interpret the incident as an emergency
By providing prospective terrorists with electronic "chat rooms" for interfacing on line with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for
group polarization
If the political conservatism of students who join fraternities and sororities is greater than that of students who do not, the gap in the political attitudes of the two groups will probably widen as they progress through college. This would be best explained in terms of
group polarization
Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of
group polarization
Professors Maksoud, Struthers, and Vasic each tend to think that obtaining a university degree is easier today than it was when they were students. After discussing the matter over coffee, they are even more convinced that obtaining a degree is easier today. This episode provides an example of
group polarization
An overwhelming desire for harmony in a decision-making group increases the probability of
groupthink
The NASA executive who made the final decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger was shielded from information and dissenting views that might have led to a delay of the tragic launch. This best illustrates the dangers of
groupthink
The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba best illustrates the dangers of
groupthink
Makato, a 21-year-old university junior, is a physically unattractive. Compared to good-looking students, Makato is more likely to
have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers
Research on the relationship between aversive events an aggression indicates that
hot temperatures often lead people to react to provocations with greater hostility
104. people may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of
implicit attitudes
106. Instant responses to viewing White and Black faces may include activation of the amygdala. Research has suggested that this indicates
implicit prejudice
110. A sense of social identity is most likely to promote
in-group bias
111. 6 year old Ezra believes that boys are better than girls, while 5 year old Arlene believes girls are better than boys. Their beliefs most clearly illustrate
in-group bias
112. During a Girl Scout picnic, Lavinia was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Carla on the opposing team. Before the game started, Lavinia and Carla were each convinced that their own team was the better one. The girls' belief best illustrates
in-group bias
people are especially likely to demonstrate the fundamental attribution error in cultures that value
individualism
52.) After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of..
informational social influence
53.) When the task of correctly identifying an individual in a slide of a four person limeup was both difficult and important, participants in an experiment were especially likely to conform to others wrong answers. this best illustrates the impact of
informational social influence
Groupthink can be prevented by a leader who
invites outside experts to critique a group's developing plans
Research on physical attractiveness indicates that men are more likely than women to
judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance
Bullying younger children earns Diego that attention and respect of many classmates. As a result, his bullying behavior increases. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a
learned response
Mrs. Crane thinks she has to yell at her husband to get his attention but he thinks shes yelling because shes angry. He shouts back trying to defend himself
mirror image perception
two conflicting groups who share the same neg. views of one another demonstrate
mirror image perception
Haley thinks Keith's silence indicates that hes angry so she avoids talking to him. keith thinks haleys quietness signifies that shes angry and wants to be left alone. This best illustrates
mirror image perceptions
attitudes are____________ that guide behavior
mirror image perceptions
Parents who discipline their children with beatings are often teaching aggression through the process of
modeling
After a month of watching violent pornographic movies on late night cable TV, Myron will probably be
more likely to interpret a woman's friendliness as sexual interest
50.) Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sisters wedding to avoid his family's disapproval. Kentaros behavior exemplifies the importance of
normative social influence
51.) Luella publicly agrees with her seventh grade classmates that parents should allow 13-year olds to date. Later that day, she writes in her diary that she actually believes parents should prohibit kids from dating until they are at least 15. Luella's public conformity to her classmates opinion best illustrates the power of..
normative social influence
156. The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain
passionate love
157. in an experiment by Dutton and aron, 1 group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 ft above the Capilano river. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to
passionate love
105. When White university women withheld criticism of a flawed essay written by a Black fellow student, they demonstrated
patronization
103. Cross-cultural research on gender relations indicates that
people perceive their fathers are more intelligent than their mothers despite gender equality in intelligence scores.
Cross-cultural research on gender relations indicates that
people perceive their fathers are more intelligent than their mothers despite gender equality in intelligence scores.
Our first impressions of those we meet are most likely to be determined by their
physical appearance
158. the two-factor theory of emotion specifically suggests that passionate love can be facilitated
physical arousal
What determined whether college freshman who had be randomly paired for a Welcome Week dance liked each other?
physical attractiveness
108. Government officials who emphasized that African Americans are personally responsible for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group are most likely to promote
prejudice
An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members is called
prejudice
The mere exposure effect most directly contributes to the positive relationship between _____________ and liking.
proximity
161.ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent and she works hard to please her husband. he displays little affection for her however spends most of the family's resources on his own interests. allies relationship w/ her husband is best characterized as
reciprocal
Two social norms that influence altruistic behavior
reciprocity and social responsibility
Diego has become increasingly involved in violent fights at school because this gains him the attention and respect of many classmates. This most clearly suggests that his aggression is a
result of group polarization
163. a gradual escalation of intimacy is most positively related to a gradual escalation of
self disclosure
The country of Superlia increased size of military force because leaders wrongly anticipated that Piropia would do the same. Piropia responded with a military expansion of their own
self fulfilling prophecies
162.Natasha and dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship bc they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. this best illustrates the value of
self- disclosure
People with more symmetrical faces are perceived as more
sexually attractive
carol is restless during class bc her professors distressed facial expressions lead her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed bc he sees carols restlessness as and indication that she lacks any motivation to learn. At this point, both student and teacher should be informed of the danger of
the fundamental attribution error
After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates
the mere exposure effect
An increased liking for an unfamiliar stimulus following repeated experience with it is known as
the mere exposure effect
People's preference for mirror-image photographs of themselves illustrates the impact of
the mere exposure effect
When Armen first heard the hit song "Gotta Love It," he wasn't at all sure he liked it. The more often he heard it played, however, the more he enjoyed it. Armen's reaction illustrates
the mere exposure effect
continuing to operate a fuel-inefficient car despite warnings about the effect of greenhouse gases best illustrates the dynamics of
the mere exposure effect
48.) Professor Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards. he personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting students with below average grades. Professor Jones is most likely, however, to vote in favor of their plan if
the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion
After she received a free painted Christmas ornament from a religious organization, Mrs Montevecchi felt obligated to mail a cash donation to the organization. Her response to the free gift best illustrates the impact of
the reciprocity norm
After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to thanksgiving dinner Mrs Greenway felt obliged to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Mrs Greenway's sense of obligation most likely resulted from
the reciprocity norm
Katya donated money to a religion charity in order to boost her own feelings of self esteem. Jennifer failed to contribute to the same charity because she was fearful of running out of money. Differences in their altruistic behavior are best explained in the terms of
the social responsibility norm
159. while driving his gf to work, nate narrowly avoided a collision w/ another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his gf. his romantic reaction is best explained in terms of
the two factor theory of emotion
Darley and Latash observed that recent university students failed to help a person having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the emergency. The students' failure to help best explained in terms of
their feelings of limited responsibility
Research indicates that minorities are most influential when they
unswervingly hold to their own position
109. Politicians who suggest that African Americans are at fault for the economically disadvantaged position of their ethnic group best illustrates
victim blaming
An explanation of aggression in terms of instinct would have the most difficulty accounting for
wide cultural variations in aggressiveness
two classmates ask you to spend a couple of hours helping them prepare for a chemistry test. According to social exchange theory, you would be most likely to help them if
your classmates cannot afford to pay for a private tutor
in explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well, we often resort to
situational attributions
Which theory suggests that altruistic behavior is governed by calculates of rewards and costs?
social exchange theory
107. Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying
social inequalities
Youths who are shunned and mocked by peers are especially likely to respond with aggression if they have earlier experienced
social rejection
After a year long drought the city of Pine Bluffs has banned all lawn sprinkling. Residents believe that watering their own land will have little effect on total water reserves. Consequently, there is a disastrous drain on city water reserves cause by illegal sprinkling. This best illustrates
social traps
simple "non-zero-sum games" have been used in lab settings in order to study
social traps
Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of
stereotypes
After country was ravaged by earthquakes, two bitter political groups set aside differences and worked together on disaster relief.
superordinate goals
Sherif planned a disruption of water supply in a boy scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by
superordinate goals
The success of interracial cooperative learning in classroom settings best illustrates the value of _____ for reducing racial conflict
superordinate goals
Mrs pinheiro fell on a busy city sidewalk and broke her leg. Although hundreds of pedestrians saw her lying on the ground, most failed to recognize that she was in need of medical assistance. Their oversight best illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
the bystander effect
People are less likely to give aid if an emergency occurs in the presence of many observers. This is known as
the bystander effect
When 12 year old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent discomfort, he prepared to offer his help. But when he noticed several adults walking past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in
the bystander effect
When 68 year old Mrs Blake has a flat tire on a fairly isolated highway, she received help from a passerby in less than 10 minutes. One year later, she had a flat tire on a busy freeway and an hour elapsed before someone finally stopped to offer assistance Mrs Blake's experience best illustrates
the bystander effect
social psychologists have arranged for people to drop coins or pencils in the elevator in order to study
the bystander effect
magazine computer ads seldom feature endorsements from hollywood stars or great athletes. Instead they offer detailed info for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. this advertising strategy best illustrates
the central route to persuasion
Group polarization refers to
the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.
after they had first agreed to display a 3 inch "be a safe driver" sign, CA home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large unattractive "drive carefully" signs in their front yards. this best illustrates
the foot in the door phenomenon
when a salesperson visits your home and asks you to try a free sample of clearing fluid, you agree. when he returns the following week and asks you to purchase an assortment of expensive cleaning products you make the purchase. the salesperson appears to have made effective use of
the foot in the door phenomenon
35 the discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called
Cognitive dissonance
37 Fernandos favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change is best explained by ______ theory
Cognitive dissonance
38 feeling responsible for behavior that violates our conscience is most likely to contribute to
Cognitive dissonance
36 which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
Cognitive dissonance theory
39 during a test, abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby students paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
Cognitive dissonance theory
60. In milgrims first study of obedience the majority of teachers who were ordered to shock a leaner
Complied fully and delivered the highest level of shock
68. On which of the following tasks would be presence of others be most likely to lead to improved performance
Counting backward from 10 to 1
83. Deindividuation refers to
D. A loss of self awareness and self restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
81. Individuals who are normally law abiding may vandalize and loot when they become part of a mob. This changes no behavior is best understood in terms of
D. Deindividuation
79. Social loafing has been found to be especially noticeable among
D. Men in cultures that value individualism
72. After a light turns green drivers take about 15 percent less time to travel the first 100 yards when another car is beside them at the intersection than when they are alone. This best illustrates
D. Social facilitation
73. The tendency for people to expert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal is known as
D. Social loafing
61. When the participants in milgrims study were later surveyed about taking part in the research most reported that they
Did not regret taking part in the experiment
80. After an exciting football game in which the home team loses by one point a crowd of fans throws bottles and begins to tear up the field. This behavior is best understood in terms of
E. Deindividuation
71. On which if the following tasks would the presence of observers be least likely to lead to better and faster performance?
E. Solving a crossword puzzle
A situation in which the individual pursuit of self interest leads to collective destruction
a social trap
despite government warnings of a severe shortage of heating fuels most citizens continue to turn up their home thermostats in the belief that their personal fuel consumption will have little effect on the country's total fuel reserves. This reaction best illustrates
a social trap
Pablo and Sabina argued about who should have the family car that night. Neither realized one needed it it the early evening and one at night. the failure to resolve their argument for mutual benefit best illustrates dangers of
a win-lose orientation
Two friends fought over possession of a single orange without realizing that one wanted oj the other wanted the peel. this illustrates
a win-lose orientation
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called
b the fundamental attribution error
An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by
b. assigned roles
Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?
b. social psychology
The text defines social psychology as the scientific study of how people ____ one another.
b. think about, influence, and relate to
Svetlana, a 20-year-old college sophomore, is beautiful. Research suggests that she is likely to __________ than less attractive college women.
be perceived as more socially skilled
Anton is the only junior to favor acquittal on a murder trial. To influence the majority he should
be self-confident and consistent in expressing his viewpoint
167. altruism is best described as
behaving unselfishly to enhance the welfare of others
How does our explanation of strangers' behavior differ from that of our own behavior?
e. We explain strangers' behavior in terms of personality traits and our own behavior in terms of situational constraints.
Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of
e. a dispositional attribution
Attribution theory was designed to account for
e. how people explain others' behavior.
The bystander effect refers to the tendency to an observer of an emergency to withhold aid if the
emergency is being observed by a number of people
165. orville thinks his gf derives more benefits from their relationship than he does, even though, he contributes more to the relationship. orville most clearly believes that their relationship lacks
equity
46.) Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a groups judgement of the lengths of lines..
even when the group judgement was clearly incorrect
the foot in the door phenomenon refers to the tendency to
experience an increasing attraction to stimuli as they become more familiar
The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people
experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar
High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of
father care
in order to brainwash captured american soldiers during the korean war, chinese communists made effective use of
foot in the door phenomenon
the tendency for initial compliance with a small request to facilitate subsequent compliance with a larger request is known as the
foot in the door phenomenon
After Ravi lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Ravi's behavior is best explained in terms of the
frustration aggression principle
the impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the
frustration-aggression principle
49.) Normative social influence results from people's desire to
gain social approval
101. On the basis of what Americans say, I'm the last half- century
gender prejudice has DECREASED and racial prejudice has DECREASED.
Compared with their nonplaying counterparts, kids who play a lot of violent video games have been found to
get into more arguments and fights