Chapter 16 Biology

What is meant by fitness?

Fitness means to survive and reproduce against their conspecifics.

How do populations of organisims adapt to their environment?

1) natural selection 2) non-genetic changes

State 2 theories that sum up Darwin's ideas about evoultion and natural selection.

1) the theory of evolution 2) the theories of natural selection

Identify evidence Darwin used to present his case for evolution.

1. Fossil record 2. Geographic distribution of living species 3. Homologus body structures 4. Similates in Early Development

What other scientist came up with this same idea about evolution?

Alfred R Wallace

What is meant by acquired trait?

An acquired trait is one which an individual acquires during his/her life time.

What are analogous structures and give an example?

Analogous sturcture is a structure of different species having similer or corresponding function byt not from the same species.

What did Lamarck think had caused the webbed feet for water birds?

By them having webbed feet their feet helped push the water behind.

What did Charles Darwin's contribution to science?

Charles Darwin contributed to saying that species vary locally, globally, and over time; he also said that everything changes over periods.

What observations did Darwin make about species during his travel?

Charles noticed that each species has the same ancestor but they evolve to adapt over time so they can live longer.

Explain how natural selection is related to species' fitness.

Darwin called natural selection survival of the fittest because those that could survive would carry their species on their for being naturally selected.

What did Darwin's travels reveal to him about the number and variety of living species?

Darwin saw that all species are connected and closely related and evolved from one another.

What forces Darwin to move ahead and publish his ideas?

Darwin saw that someone was also going to publish a book so he did first to get recognition.

Describe the voyage of the HMS Beagle.

During the voyage Charles Darwin explored the Galapagos islands and noticed the same species have different adaptations in places.

What unusual information did Darwin collect about the Galapagos finches on his voyage?

Each species of finch that natively inhabited the islands held different characteristics that were all different from each other. Same species; same family

Charles Darwin's idea of how species change over time is called what?

Evolution

What is Evolution?

Evolution is the change in species over time.

After the key of evoultion is in place, what is also necessary?

Evoultion also needs gentic variations.

According to Malthus, what factors limted population growth?

Food, Space, pretty much dependent limiting factors meaning anything that is caused when a population gets to large.

Darwin's theory stated that all the Galapagos finches had descended from what?

Galapagos finches are examples of descent with modification when it comes to Darwin's theory of natural selection.

How did tortises and birds differ amond the islands of the Galapagos?

He noticed that the birds had different beaks in different parts of the island. He also noticed that tortises have different shells depending where they are.

What are Homologus Structures and give an example?

Homologus Structures are something that has four limbs. ex: dogs, cats and bears

Which structures, homologous or analogous, show that organisms are more closely related?

Homologus structures as an analogus structure arise from similer environmental challenges rather than two common of ancestry.

Explain natural Selection.

Humans can choose from among the naturally occuring variations species.

Describe how natural variation is used in artifical selcetion.

Humans choose from amoung the naturally occuring varitaions in species.

State how Hutton and Lyell described geological change.

Hutton: Rocks on earth slowely formed making earth a few year old Lyell: enough time for earth to change

Describe Malthus's theory of population growth.

If population growth continues unchecked, populations will soon run out of space and food.

Was Lamarck's idea of acquired traits proven or rejected?

Lamarcks idea of acquired traits was rejected.

The theory of evolution by natural selection explains, in scientific terms, how living things evolove over time. What is being selected in this process?

Natural Selection

State Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Nature is going to choose the traits that are best for the environment and the organisms with those characteristics they will survive.

Identify how Lamarck thought specues evolve.

Proposed that by selective use of disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits during their life time.

What are Fossils?

Remains or traces of an organism that lived long ago.

Do populations change quickly of slowly? explain.

Some populations can change quickly because of artifical selection in which humans make things happen.

What ideas did Malthus give Darwin?

That human population is going to decrease over the years because not enought food resources would sustain us to live and reproduce.

What was the name of the book that Darwin published with his ideas about evoultion?

The Origin of Species

What is the key to evoultion?

The key of evolution is adaptation; adaptation occurs so you can adapt to your surroundings.

What are cestigal structures and give and example?

Vestigal structures refer to an organ or part which is greatly reduced from its origianl ancestral from and is no longer funtional or is reduced or altered function.

Do individuals evolve?

We all evolve over time to help us live longer.

What books did Darwin read that influenced his ideas when he sailed on the Beagle? Who were the authors?

When Darwin sailed on the Beagle, he had a copy of Lyell's "Principle of Geography".

Describe the pattern Darwin observed among organisms of the Galapagos islands.

When specimans of birds were analyzed on return to England it was found many kinds of birds were species of finches which led to his theory of The Origin of Species.

List events leading to Darwin's publication of On the Origin of Species.

a) wasnt published for couple decades after return for fear of public reaction b) 1858 essay by Alfred R. Wallace shared ideas on evolution c) 1859 Darwin published book

Do populations evolve?

yes, populations grow more food and animals to eat.