Chapter 16 Biology Test

What did Hutton and Lyell say?

They said the Earth is millions of years old & the processes that changed the Earth in the past are the same ones that operate in the present.

What did Lyell emphasized about past geological events?

Uniformitarianism-geological processes that we see today are the same ones that happened millions of years ago.

Is natural variation important to farmers and animal breeders when it comes to breeding?

Yes because if they have a mutation, then they would need to know that so they can stay the same.

Is population size important for natural selection to occur?

Yes because the larger the population, more species will have a greater chance of survival.

Did Darwin find marine fossils on top of a mountain range?

Yes.

What did Darwin learn from reading the work of Hutton & Lyell?

It allowed enough time for natural selection to work.

Which scientist proposed organism's body structures can change according to the actions of the organism?

Lamarck

Hutton & Lyell suggested the Earth is how old?

Millons of years old.

What is the difference between artificial and natural selection?

Natural selection is when nature acquires the traits to the animals. Artificial is when the the animal gets the trait by the humans, and the humans only use certain traits to survive.

What is artificial selection?

Nature provides the variations, and humans select those they find useful

Did Darwin know anything about heredity?

No.

What are vestigial structures?

Organ that serves no function.

How did Lamarck propose organisms evolve?

Organisms have an inborn urge to become more complex & perfect. This theory of evolution was wrong.

Darwin realized that Malthus's theory of population control applied better to whom?

Plants and animals.

What are fossils?

Preserved remains of organisms.

What did Darwin notice about some of the fossils he collected during his voyage on the Beagle?

Some fossils of extinct animals were similar to living species.

What is biogeography?

Study of where organisms live now & where they & their ancestors lived in the past.

Which of these ideas was NOT part of Darwin's contribution to science? Descent with modification, inheritance of acquired characteristics, survival of the fittest, or natural selection?

Survival of the fittest.

What structure on the finches varied from island to island?

Their beaks.

What did Darwin know about how the land tortoises of the Galapagos Islands varied from island to island?

Their shells varied among the islands depending on their habitat.

Based on the adaptations Charles Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galápagos, he wondered a. If species living on different islands had once been members of the same species. b. if finches and tortoises had originated from the same ancestral species. c. if all birds on the different islands were finches. d. why all tortoises on the different islands were identical.

a. If species living on different islands had once been members of the same species.

Modern sea star larvae resemble some primitive vertebrate larvae. This similarity may suggest that primitive vertebrates a. share a common ancestor with sea stars. b. evolved from sea stars. c. evolved before sea stars. d. belong to the same species as sea stars.

a. share a common ancestor with sea stars.

Molecular evidence in support of natural selection includes a. the nearly universal genetic code. b. the presence of vestigial structures c. a tendency toward perfect, unchanging DNA in various species. d. the transmission of acquired characteristics by DNA.

a. the nearly universal genetic code.

Which of the following ideas is supported by Darwin's observation of local variation among tortoises in the Galápagos Islands? a. artificial selection b. adaptation c. acquired characteristics d. tendency towards perfection

b. adaptation

Each of the following is a condition necessary for natural selection to occur EXCEPT a. more offspring are born than can survive. b. population size is very large. c. fitness varies among individuals. d. there is heritable variation among members of the population.

b. population size is very large.

Lamarck's ideas about evolution include the concept that differences among the traits of organisms arise as a result of a. continual increases in population size. b. the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures. c. an unchanging local environment. d. the natural variations already present within the population of organisms.

b. the actions of organisms as they use or fail to use body structures.

Darwin's concept of natural selection was NOT influenced by a. the work of Charles Lyell. b. the work of Gregor Mendel. c. his collection of specimens. d. his trip on the H.M.S. Beagle.

b. the work of Gregor Mendel.

Charles Darwin viewed the fossil record as a. evidence that the Earth was very young. b. useful support for his theory. c. interesting but unrelated to the evolution of modern species. d. evidence that traits are acquired through use or disuse.

b. useful support for his theory.

The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that a. in the human population, people die faster than babies are born. b. without certain checks on population size, there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population. c. in the 1700s, England needed more housing. d. The majority of a species' offspring die.

b. without certain checks on population size, there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population.

Which statement about the members of a population that live long enough to reproduce is consistent with the theory of evolution by natural selection? a. They transmit characteristics acquired by use and disuse to their offspring. b. they tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the population. c. They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment. d. They will perpetuate unfavorable changes in the species.

c. They are the ones that are best adapted to survive in their environment.

When a dairy farmer choses to breed the cows that give the most milk in the herd, the farmers are following the principle of a. acquired characteristics. b. descent with modification. c. artificial selection. d. natural selection.

c. artificial selection.

The principle of common descent helps explain why a. well-adapted species have many offspring b. conditions in an organism's environment ensure its survival. c. birds and reptiles share a number of inherited traits. d. tigers are so different from cheetahs.

c. birds and reptiles share a number of inherited traits.

Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to a. being preserved as fossils b. providing humans with foods c. surviving in the environments in which they lived d. swimming from South America to the Galápagos Islands

c. surviving in the environments in which they lived

Which characteristic of Galápagos finches helped the Grants show the results of natural selection? a. the color of their feathers b. the length and shape of their wings c. the size and shape of their beaks d. the curve of their claws.

c. the size and shape of their beaks

In the 1800s, Charles Lyell emphasized that a. the human population will outgrow the available food supply. b. all populations evolve through natural selection. c. Earth is a few thousand years old. d. past geological events must be explained in terms of processes observable today.

d. past geological events must be explained in terms of processes observable today.

Know that changes in the inherited characteristics of a population over time are the best results for natural selection.

ok

Based on adaptations Darwin observed in finches and tortoises in the Galapagos Islands he wondered what about these 2 species?

If animals living on different islands had once been members of the same species?

What did Malthus suggest about human population?

If it grew , there wouldn't be enough living space & food.

What is adaptation?

Body parts or structures, colors, or physiological functions or behavioral.

Who hypothesized that all species are descended from a common ancestor?

Charles Darwin

Molecular evidence includes what universal genetic code?

DNA & RNA.

According to the concept, ________ _________ living and extinct species evolved from the same ancestors.

Descent of Modification/Common Ancestor

How did Darwin view fossil records?

He used it to prove evolution occurred.

Do organisms want high or low fitness?

High.

Similar patterns of embryological development in different but related organisms are responsible for the formation of what structures?

Homologous Structure

The wings of birds and the flippers of dolphins are __________ structures.

Homologous.

What is fitness?

How well an organism can survive and reproduce in its environment.

Which scientist attempted to explain how rock formations, such as rock layers, form and change over time?

Hutton.