Chapter 16 - Finishes

Engineered Wood Flooring

- consists of 3, 5, or 7 layers of wood veneer, each oriented at 90 degrees to the adjacent ones. - the top layer is the actual finished wood species.

Paint is classified into solvent-based and water-based types

- clear, solvent based coating include vanishes, shellac, silicone, and urethane. When a small amount of pigment is added it becomes a stain. - oil paints use a drying/curing oil as a binder. -latex paints are water based, with vinyl chloride or acrylic resins as binders. -epoxies resist abrasion and adhere to concrete, metal ,and wood. - urethanes are used for increased resistance to abrasion, fuel, grease, etc.

Wood Floor Grading

- clear (best, most uniform color) select, number 1 common, number 2 common. - Plain sawn is standard, but quarter sawn can be special ordered. - average length of wood pieces is 3'- 9"

Testing concrete for moisture

- concrete should be tested for moisture level prior to applying any critical finishes. - max limit for moisture emission is 3.0lbm/1,000sf/24hr when exposed to a 73 degree temperature and 50% relative humidity.

Fabric Wallcovering

- if heavy enough, can be applied directly to the wall with adhesives. - most fabric must be backed with paper to prevent adhesive from damaging the fabric - a tuck joint provides a small recess where the fabric can be tucked into a small crack. Should be used at wallpaper edges where the fabric abuts other finishes, and where a precise line is needed.

drapery calculations

- in estimating fabric for drapery, the total fabric width needed must be determined. This is the total of the opening size, the stacking space, the return, and any overlap of two sections of drapery, and the amount of fullness. - the total fabric width needed is divided by the basic roll width of the fabric to determine the number of fabric panel widths needed. This is multiplied by the cut length of the drapery.

Installation of wood floors

- must be installed over a suitable, nailable base -strip flooring is installed by blind nailing through the tongue. - when installing over concrete, a sheet of 3/4" plywood is attached to the concrete to provide the nailable base. A layer of polyethylene film is laid down first if the moisture is a concern. - an alternate method is to install the floor over wood sleepers. This method gives a more resilient and comfortable floor, and allows any moisture to escape. - a gap of about 3/8" - 3/4" is left at the perimeter to allow for expansion and is concealed with the wood base.

louvered shutters

- rigid panels on a hinge. Individual panels have adjustable horizontal louvers to control the view and light.

Wallpaper calcs: Half drop method

- the total perimeter of the room is calculated in inches and then divided by the width of the roll of wallcovering material. This gives the number of strips needed. - this number is multiplied by the height of the ceiling to get the number of linear feet needed. - use same method as the sqft method but with a modified ceiling height based on the repeat dimensions. 1. divide the height of the wall to be covered in inches by the distance of the pattern repeat in inches. round up. 2. multiply this number by the distance of the pattern repeat in inches. this is the modified ceiling height. convert inches to feet by dividing by 12. 3. multiply the modified ceiling height by the perimeter of the room and finish off with the square footage calc method.

Wallpaper Calcs: Vinyl

- vinyl wallcovering is sold by the linear yard, and mostly comes in 54" wide goods. This is wider than most doors and windows, so deductions are not taken for openings. - 13.5 sqft/yd is the number of square feet in one linear yard of 54" wide paper. If the wallcovering has a different width, multiply the width of the wallcovering in feet by 3ft/yd. Then divide this into the total area to be covered. 1. calculate the perimeter of the room in feet and multiply by the height of the room. 2. subtract any significant sized openings. 3. divide the total area by 13.5 sf/yd. the results yardage required. if linear footage is required, divide by 3. 4. sometimes a 10% overage is added.

carpet backing and cushion

- with woven and knitted carpet, the pile yarns and backing yarns are combined during the manufacturing process. Polypropylene backing is the most common. - a secondary backing of latex is usually applied. - carpet pads are not always required, but are made of sponge rubber, felt, urethane, and foam rubber.

Four basic types of wood flooring

1. Strip Flooring - thin strips between 3/8" and 25/32" thick of varying lengths with tongue and groove edges. Usually 2 1/4 wide. 2. Plank Flooring - Between 3 1/4" and 8" wide. 3. Block Flooring - Made of preassembled wood flooring in three basic configurations. 4. Parquet Flooring - Made of preassembled units of several small, thin slats of wood in a variety of patterns. usually sold in 12" squares. 5. End grain blocks- Made of solid pieces of wood laid on end.

Drapery Calcs: 6 steps

1. determine amount of required stacking space (space needed on either side of the window so that when the drapery is open it is clear of the window). It is generally the width of the window opening divided by 3. 2. determine the total width of the finished drapery needed" drapery width = window width + stacking space + return + overlap the return is the distance from the wall to the drapery rod, and is usually 3-3.5" deep. This should be doubled (one at each end of the rod). The overlap is the amount of the two portions of the drapery when closed in a center draw system. this is usually 6" and the total return is usually estimated to be 12". 3. determine the total width of the fabric needed before pleating. This depends on the fullness wanted. fabric width = (drapery width) x (fullness factor) 4. determine the number of panels of fabric needed by dividing the fabric width from step 3 by the width of one panel. If the problem doesnt specifically state a width, use 54". number of panels = (fabric width) / (panel width) 5. determine the cut length of panels needed. this is the distance from the top of the traverse rod to the bottom of the drapery plus header (amount used in the finish edge at the top) and hem (amount used in the finished edge at the bottom) If a specific length is not given, use 18" for both header and hem. - if the height of the window glass is given, at least 10" should be added to allow for the height of the rod above the glass and the hem below the glass's bottom edge. 6. Determine the number of linear yards of fabric needed. Multiply the number of panels needed by the length determined in steps 5. Then divide by 36 in/yd to convert inches to yards. yardage required = (number of panels x cut length ) / 36 inches per yard.

pitch gauge stitch pile height

1. in woven carpet, the number of ends of surface yarn in a 27" width. 2. In tufted carpet, the spacing between needles across the width of the carpet. 3. the number of lengthwise tufts in 1". 4. Height of the fibers from the surface of the backing to the top of the pile

Carpet Calculations: Stairs

1. multiply the number of risers by the height of the riser in inches. 2. multiply the number of threads by the depth of each tread in inches. 3. add the results from steps 1 and 2, and allow 1" for each combined tread and riser to account for covering the nosing of each step. 4. add these results and divide by 12 to convert from inches to feet. Round up to the nearest whole foot. 5. multiply the result of the previous step by the width of the stair in feet. 6. divide by 9 to get the total number of square yards (always round up!)

Concrete moisture test types

Calcium Chloride (Moisture Dome) - Most common and inexpensive. Places a standard mass of calcium chloride below a plastic cover and sealing it to the concrete floor. After 60 - 72 hours, the calcium chloride is weighed to compare it with its pre test rate. Hygrometer (Relative Humidity) - measures relative humidity (RH) of the atmosphere confined adjacent to the floor. RH should be 75% or less. Polyethylene Sheet Test - Qualitative test conducted by sealing an 18" x 18" sheet of plastic to the floor to trap excessive moisture. After at least 16 hours, a visual inspection is done. The presence of visible water means the concrete is not dry. Electrical Impedance Test - Uses meters to determine moisture content by measuring conductance and capacitance.

Slate

Fine grain metamorphic rock that is easily split into thin slabs. ideal for flooring and roofing. finishes: cleft (natural finish as cleaved from the rock), sand rubbed, and honed.

Half Drop Match

Design elements drop by half the distance of the repeat

Resilient flooring

Generic term describing several types of composition materials made from various resins, fibers, plasticizers, and fillers. -Formed under heat and pressure to produce thin material, either sheets or tiles. - it is applied with mastic to a subfloor of concrete, plywood, or other smooth underlayment.

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

Hydrocarbon solvents released in the air during application of coatings. - reacts with nitrous oxides and sunlight to form ozone.

ASTM D2047

James Machine Test one of the most common tests used and is considered by many to be the most accurate and reliable measurement of slip resistance. Can only be performed in the laboratory on smooth, dry surfaces.

Coefficient of Friction (COF)

Measurement of the degree of slip resistance of a floor surface. - ranges from 0-1. the higher the rating, the less slippery. - 0.5 or higher is the minimum safety level, 0.6 is better. 0.8 is recommended for ADA ramps.

ASTM C1028

Measures COF in the field. Can test both wet dry surfaces.

ASTM F609

Measures static COF of footwear on walkways.

Marble

Metamorphic rock formed by layers of shells that form into a compositions of crystalline grains of calcite and or dolomite. finishes: polished, honed, abrasive, and wet sand.

Testing concrete for alkalinity

The slab should also be tested for pH level and alkalinity. - pH is a measure of acidity/alkalinity of a material rated on a scale from 0-14. Materials less than 7 are acidic, above 7 are alkaline. - alkalinity cannot exit without moisture. - high alkalinity on the surface of a slab can damage a tile installation by causing the adhesive to re-emulsify. - alkali silica reaction (ASR) is when strongly alkaline cement begins to dissolve sand and rock within the concrete. This can cause floor finishes to buckle. - a Titration test can be used to determine the level of alkalinity in concrete by grinding concrete and performing a lab analysis.

Additives in paint

Various components added to the paint to give the paint certain attributes.

Straight Match

When one length of wallpaper is aligned with the next piece in a direct horizontal line.

Terrazzo

a composite material poured in place or precast that is used for floors, walls, and stairs. - consists of marble, quartz, granite, or other suitable chips, in a matrix that is cementitious, chemical or a combination of both. - it is poured, cured, ground, and polished to produce a smooth surface.

fullness

a measure of how much of the fabric is taken up in pleating. Can be given as the ratio of the fabric width before pleating to after pleating, or can be expressed as a percentage. Fullness= (width before pleating - width after pleating)/width after pleating x100% There are three standard fullnesses:100%, 150%, and 200%. 100% means the fabric before pleating will be twice the length of the opening. 150% fullness requires 2.5 times the finished fabric, and 200% requires 3 times.

Roller Shades

a piece of cloth wound around a spring roller. block the view when closed.

translucent panels

admit diffused light. can be plastic, fabric, or film.

Grilles

can be fixed or movable

stone (wall)

can be used in slabs or thin veneer sheets - slabs about 3/4" thick are attached to wall substrates with stainless steel wires or ties. Lumps of plaster of paris are placed between the substrate and the back of the stone panel at each anchor to hold the slab in place and allow for precise alignment before they harden. - thin stone tiles are about 3/8" thick and are mostly installed with mastic applied to a substrate.

types of tile

ceramic - fired above red heat during manufacture to a temperature high enough to produce specific physical properties and characteristics. quarry - made by extrusion (uses a machine to cut tile from wet clay through a die) of red clay or shale, and usually 6 square inches or larger in size. ceramic mosaic - can be made by dust pressing (uses a press to shape tile out of mostly dry clay) or extrusion. Usually less than 6 square inches. Porcelain tile - similar to ceramic tile, but the clay used is lighter in color and more dense and hard. it is fired at a temperature higher than ceramic and for a longer time. more durable and less porous than ceramic.

cut length

combination of opening size or desired length of the finished drapery, the header at the top where the fabric is pleated, and the hem at the bottom.

Binder in paint

component that gives paint integrity and holds the particles of pigment together.

Venetian blinds

consist of horizontal slats of wood, aluminum, or plastic whose angle can be adjusted with a control cord.

jalousie

consists of individual horizontal pieces of glass, about 3-4" wide, that all pivot outward at once for ventilation.

Acoustic panels

designed as individual panels with at least 1" of sound absorbing material. - covered with a permeable material, so that sound can pass through the fabric and dissipate into the acoustic material. - fabric should be hydrophobic (should not absorb and hold moisture) so as not to sag. -core material can be loose or tackable. - mineral fiberboard is a dimensionally stable composite of inorganic mineral fibers with a microperforated surface. - tackable acoustic fiberglass - is nocombustible, fibrous glass matt bonded with a resinous binder ad formed into a rigid board with a finish face of thin, rigid fiberglass mesh.

Carpet installation methods

direct glue down - carpet is attached to the floor with adhesive. stretched in - uses tackless strips with sharp points attached around the perimeter of the room. The carpet is then stretched over the strips.

Wallpaper Seaming Methods

double cutting - overlaps adjacent strips and cuts through and removes both, resulting in a very tight butt joint. butting - must be used for patterned wallcovering where matching is critical.

pigments in paint

finely ground impenetrable material that gives paint its color and concealing abilities. The primary pigment of all paint is titanium dioxide, which is white. - paint with a low ratio of pigment to binder yields a gloss finish, while a high ratio creates a flat finish.

Wallpaper

generally packaged in rolls 20 1/2" W x 21' L - before application, a liquid sizing must be applied to the wall to seal the surface against alkali, reduce the absorption of the paste, and provide proper surface for the paper.

vertical blinds

hang from a track and can be pulled to the side to expose the window.

Granite

igneous rock with visible grains. finishes: Polished, honed, fine rubbed, rubbed, and flamed.

liquid in paint

keeps the paint fluid until it dries. In latex paint, the liquid is water. In oil based paint the liquid is mineral spirits.

drapery

loosely hung fabric that covers the window. usually attached to a rod that allows operation. several fabric pleating methods: pinch pleat, stack pleat, roll pleat, and accordion pleat.

common wood used for floors Sustainable floors

maple, oak, birch, beech. Bamboo, Palm wood.

Limestone

most commonly used for exterior surfaces. a type of limestone called travertine is often used in interiors. Travertine has holes in it that must be filled with an epoxy resin to make a smooth surface.

Tile Water Resistance

nonvitreous - water absorption rate of at least 7% Impervious - water absorption rate of 0.5% or less. Semivitreous and vitreous - classified between nonvitreous and impervious.

vinyl wallcoverings

usually comes in rolls 52-54" wide and 30 yards long type I - light duty type II - medium duty type III - heavy duty applied with mastic to properly prepared gypsum wallboard or smooth plaster walls.

Roman shades

pull up with a cord into accordion folds

Carpet Calculations

require two pieces of information 1. the area of the space 2. and a carpet layout showing seam locations and direction of the nap (direction the carpet tends to slant) Rules of thumb - carpet is measured by the square yard. - for rectangular rooms no wider than 12' calculate the area in square feet and divide by 9 to get the number of square yards required. - for rooms wider than 12', the amount of carpet required can vary depending on the locations of the seams and direction of the nap. - extra allowance of 2" should be included to provide for rooms that are slightly out of square. -5% overage allowance guidelines for carpet seams: - minimize the number of seams - avoid placing seams perpendicular to the main path of traffic and into doorways - avoid placing seams where traffic is heavy or changes direction.

Wallpaper calcs : square footage method

rolls less than 54" wide - the total area to be covered is calculated, modified by an allowance for waste and deductions for openings like doors and windows. Then the area covered by one roll or bolt of wallcovering is divided into the total area to determine the number of rolls or bolts needed. 1. calculate the perimeter of the room in feet and multiply by the height of the walls to get the total area in square feet. 2. add 20% for waste. 3. calculate and subtract the total area of openings that will not be covered (15 sqft for 1 door or 2 windows is a common rule of thumb) 4. divide the area per roll of wallpaper into the area just calculated to determine the number of rolls needed (a single roll is usually about 36 sqft)

3 basic forms of carpet

rugs, sheet (broadloom) carpet, and carpet tiles

Method of installing terrazzo

sand cushion - a layer of sand forms the subfloor. best way to avoid cracking. bonded - used when movement/deflection is not an issue. monolithic/thin set -used when thickness of the installation is a problem.

Sandstone

sedimentary rock. when cleaved from the rock it is called flagstone and has a naturally rough surface.

curtains

similar to draperies but usually hung inside the window frame. meant to remain fixed.

Austrian shades

similar to roman shades, but pull up in scallops

mini blinds

similar to venetian blinds but slats are only 1/2" -1" wide.

four basic types of Terrazzo

standard -most common, uses small chips no larger than 3/8" venetian - uses chips larger than 3/8" palladian - uses thin, random fractured slabs of marble with standard terrazzo between. rustic -has the depressed to expose the chips.

Primary methods of installation for stone flooring

thin set -a uniform thickness of stone is set on the subfloor with a special thin set mortar (1/8" thick or less) or with adhesive. thick set - requires a layer of mortar from 3/4"- 1 1/4" thick to be applied to a suitably prepared, structurally sound sub floor. This is usually the best method and must be used either when the floor or the stone is uneven or varies in thickness. With thick set the mortar can be bonded to the subfloor or separated from it with a cleavage membrane, which allows the floor to be structurally separate from the subfloor. most thin stones (1/4"-3/8") do not add significant weight to the floor. Thick set is very heavy and requires an extra 1 1/2" - 2 1/2" above the subfloor.

ASTM F462

used with soapy water for bathing areas.

Common types of resilient flooring

vinyl- durable resilient flooring that is resistant to indentation, abrasion, grease, water, alkalis, and some acids. Must be installed over a clean, dry, smooth surface. Tiles are generally 12" square. 1/16" and 1/8" thicknesses are available. Sheet vinyl comes in 6, 9, or 12' wide rolls. rubber - offers excellent resistance to deformation under loads but not resistant to oils or grease. available in tiles or sheets. cork- made from granulated pieces of bark from the cork oak tree. It is a renewable resource, and available in tile and plank forms. Used where acoustical control and resilience is desired. linoleum- made of oxidized linseed oil, wood flour, pigments and fillers over a backing of burlap or asphalt saturated felt. Good resistance to abrasion and grease, limited resistance to alkalis. popular sustainable material.

Carpet manufacturing processes

weaving - traditional method; interlaces warp and weft yarns. most expensive machined carpet. tufting -process where the pile yarn is punched through the backing with rows of needles, similar to a sewing machine. needle punching - similar to tufting except the fiber is pulled through a backing with barbed needles. fusion bonding - embeds the pile yarn in a backing of liquid vinyl. Used for carpet tiles.

Drop Match

when the next piece must be lowered to continue the pattern

Random Match

when there are no elements in the pattern that must line up.

three types of carpet weaving

wilton carpet - made on a jacquard loom and allows complex patterns and textures to be woven. usually heavier and more expensive than other options Velvet carpet - simplest form of weaving, puts all the pile yarns on the face of the carpet. axminster - made on a modified jacquard loom that delivers different colors of yarn at different times. according to the desired pattern. most of the pile yarn is placed on the surface.

Carpet fibers:

wool - a natural material, one of the best for carpet. expensive. Nylon - very strong and wear resistant. economical. Most widely used. acrylic - moderate abrasion resistance. more wool - like appearance than nylon. polyester - made from synthetic polymers and highly abrasion resistant. olefin (polypropylene) - used for indoor/outdoor carpet. very durable, but has a low melting point.