Chapter 16 Homework

hair receptors

Light touch, movement of hairs

tactile discs

Light touch, pressure

tactile corpuscles

Light touch, texture

Click and drag each of the items below into the appropriate category to determine if each contributes to the taste of food or just the flavor of food.

Taste - umami - sweet - stimulation of the facial nerve - bitterness of a toxic plant Flavor - texture - aroma - appearance - stimulation of the trigeminal nerve - spiciness of hot peppers - temperature of food

free nerve endings

Warm and cold receptors, nociceptors

The three types of cones are differentiated by their __________.

absorption peak

An example of ____________ would be sitting in a chair and having someone spin you in a circle.

angular acceleration

Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of sound waves and their conversion to fluid waves through the ear and hearing apparatus. (1-11)

auricle, auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes, oval window, scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, scala tympani, secondary tympanic membrane

sensory processing

bipolar cells, ganglion cells, amacrine cells, occipital cortex, photoreceptors

In the emmetropic eye, the ____________ muscle is relaxed and dilated.

ciliary

This response depends on ____________ , constriction of the pupil, and lens accommodation.

convergence

This results in the lens forming a ____________ shape.

convex

Read each scenario or description on the left. Then, click and drag each to its correct position on the right to identify which part of the brain is responsible for that function regarding the projection pathway for equilibrium.

left counterclockwise - gateway to the cerebral cortex - relays vestibular impulses to their CNS targets - this area is catching up when you get a 'head rush' - allows you to twist and turn without losing your balance - helps coordinate muscle tone - lets you focus on object when your head is moving - alerts you to whether or not your hand is raised

This will put tension on the suspensory ligament and flatten the ____________ .

lens

Classify each item as being associated with light positioning (controlling how and where light strikes the retina) or sensory processing (how that information is processed).

light positioning (controlling how and where light strikes the retina) : extrinsic muscles, accommodation, cornea, pupil, ciliary bodies sensory processing (how that information is processed): bipolar cells, ganglia cells, amacrine cells, occipital cortex, photoreceptors

An example of ____________ would include sitting in a wheeled chair and having someone push you from behind.

linear acceleration

The ____________ are stimulated during linear acceleration in the transverse plane.

macula utriculi

Oppositely, in accommodation, the ciliary muscle contracts and ____________ the diameter of the ciliary body.

narrows

This ____________ response is the adjustment to close-range vision.

near

For example, a single touch sensory ____________ can cover a large area of skin.

neuron

Classify the following structures into the region of the ear in which they are found.

outer ear: - helix - auricle - auditory canal - lobule middle ear: - incus - tensor tympani muscle - auditory tube inner ear: - semicircular ducts - vestibule - cochlea

Indicate whether the given structure is located in the outer, middle, or inner ear.

outer: helix middle: incus, pharyngotympanic tube, stapedius inner: spiral organ, vestibular nerve, helicotrema, utricle, cupulae, basilar membrane

Any sensory neuron detects stimuli within an area called its ____________ field.

receptive

These three factors aid in focusing the image onto the ____________ .

retina

The ____________ contains vertically arranged maculae that would provide feedback of body movement in the vertical plane

saccule

Each of the ____________ is specially positioned to detect angular acceleration in one of the three planes.

semicircular canals

A structure composed of nervous tissue along with other tissues that enhance its response to a certain type of stimulus is called a(n)__________.

sense organ

Anywhere the skin is touched in that area stimulates that ____________ neuron.

single

The foot plate is part of which structure?

stapes

When someone is standing still, the kinocilia of the macula sacculi are bending inferiorly and thus conveying information regarding one's ____________ .

static equilibrium

Indicate whether each item is a structure or a cavity by dragging it to the appropriate box.

structure: cornea, retina, lens, iris, ciliary body, ora serrata, choroid space, hole, cavity: anterior chamber, pupil, hyaloid canal, posterior chamber, vitreous chamber

This action reduces tension on the ____________ ligament.

suspensory

Match each type of lingual papillae to its anatomical description.

Filiform: Tiny spikes found mostly on the middle of the tongue Foliate: Two parallel ridges on the side of the tongue Fungiform: Mushroom-shaped bumps concentrated at the tip and sides of the tongue Vallate: Large circular bumps that form a V towards the back of the tongue.

Put the components of the visual projection pathway in order starting with the retina and ending with the brain.

1. bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina 2. hemidecussation in optic chiasm 3. optic tracts 4. lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus 5. optic radiations 6. primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order.

1.) Frequency discrimination is based on a structural gradient in the *basilar* membrane. 2.) The proximal end of the membrane is *attached*, and the distal end is not. 3.) This arrangement causes a standing wave with some regions more *displaced* than others. 4.) *Sensory* information changes depending on which end it is received. 5.) This change means the difference in *pitch* in sound.

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct, then place each sentence into a logical paragraph order.

1.) In the emmetropic eye, the ciliary muscle is relaxed and dilated. 2.) This will put tension on the suspensory ligament and flatten the lens. 3.) Oppositely, in accommodation, the ciliary muscle contracts and narrows the diameter of the ciliary body. 4.) This action reduces tension on the suspensory ligament. 5.) This results in the lens forming a convex shape.

Place the following events in order starting with the vibration of the oval window and ending with the depolarization of hair cells.

1.) Oval window vibrates. 2.) Pressure wave travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli. 3.) Basilar membrane moves up and down. 4.) Inner hair cells are pushed against the tectorial membrane. 5.) Stereocilia bend and tip-link proteins open potassium channels. 6.) Potassium ions enter hair cell causing depolarization.

Short wavelengths from high pitched sounds cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window (true or false)

true

A touch at any ____________ places in the field can therefore feel like a single touch.

two

During hearing, which of the following is the first to vibrate?

tympanic membrane

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.

*Emmetropia* is when the eye is focused on an object more than 20 feet away, and light rays focus on the retina without effort. The eye will automatically focus on distant things unless the *focus* is shifted elsewhere. This *near* response is the adjustment to close-range vision. This response depends on *convergence*, constriction of the pupil, and lens accommodation. These three factors aid in focusing the image onto the *retina*.

Which of the following are examples of the kind of information obtained from sensory receptors? Check all that apply.

-Bitter -Brightness of light -Duration of an instrumental note -Placement of an item in your left vs. right hand

Which of the following is not a way that receptors are classified?

-By stimulus origin -By sensory projection** -By stimulus modality -By receptor distribution

What information does the brain use to determine the intensity of a stimulus? Check all that apply.

-How rapidly the sensory neurons fire -How rapidly the sensory neurons fire -How many sensory neurons respond

Click and drag each of the scenarios below to identify whether it is associated with the general senses or the special senses. *Special Senses*

-Identifying the aroma of chocolate chip cookies. -Recognizing your friend's face. -Feeling the movement of an amusement park ride. -Listening to music.

Click and drag each of the scenarios below to identify whether it is associated with the general senses or the special senses. *General Senses*

-Noticing that your skin is cold. -Describing the texture of an object. -Feeling the weight of an object in your hand. -Feeling the pain of a hot stove.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding photoreceptors? Check all that apply.

-Rods are responsible for night vision. -Cones are associated with color vision. -Cones function in brighter light.

Which of the following statements are true regarding olfaction? Check all that apply.

-Smell is a chemical sense. -Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor. -Olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli.

Which of the following statements are true regarding gustation? Check all that apply.

-Taste is chemical sense. -When gustatory hairs are stimulated, a receptor potential is created. -All of the primary tastes can be detected throughout the tongue.

Place the following labels in order indicating the passage of light through the eyeball. Start with the cornea at the top.

-cornea -anterior chamber -pupil -posterior chamber -lens -vitreous humor -retina -choroid

A receptor is an axon that carries sensory impulses to the spinal cord's dorsal horn of gray matter. (true or false)

False

Place a single word into each sentence to make it correct.

Any sensory neuron detects stimuli within an area called its *receptive* field. For example, a single touch sensory *neuron* can cover a large area of skin. Anywhere the skin is touched in that area stimulates that *single* neuron. The brain cannot determine where in the *field* the neuron was stimulated. A touch at any *two* places in the field can therefore feel like a single touch.

lamellar corpuscles

Deep pressure, stretch, tickle, vibration

____________ is when the eye is focused on an object more than 20 feet away, and light rays focus on the retina without effort.

Emmetropia

The concept of ____________ can be exemplified by any acceleration, or change in velocity.

dynamic equilibrium

light positioning

extrinsic muscles, accommodation, cornea, pupil, ciliary bodies

Our brain perceives different colors because each cone responds to one specific (and different) wavelength on the visual spectrum. (true or false)

false

The middle ear has four bones. (true or false)

false; three not four

The brain cannot determine where in the ____________ the neuron was stimulated.

field

The eye will automatically focus on distant things unless the ____________ is shifted elsewhere.

focus

As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive __________.

gets higher