Chapter 16 New Motors (EV, Natural Gas, and Hydrogen)-combined

Override premiums

allow vehicle charging even during peak times for customers unwilling to follow these restrictions or in critical circumstances that require charging

Dual-fuel diesel engine

also known as mixed-fuel engine, uses a blend of 2 fuels. this type of engine is the primary way to blend diesel fuel with natural gas since the properties of diesel fuel differ enough from natural gas that diesel engines cannot be modified to run as dedicated NGV engines

electric vehicles (EVs)

automobiles powered through electrification

hybrid EV (HEV)

both electrical and ICE components in the vehicle. Developed by trying to capture latent wasted energy through recapturing energy from braking (regenerative breaking) to be used to power onboard systems and provide additional energy to the powertrain of a vehicle

flex-fuel vehicle

can accommodate both liquid fuel and electricity

Lifecycle emissions

full analysis of emissions of EVs which includes emissions from vehicle manufacturing and upstream emissions (generated by mix of electricity being used to power grid, including all efficiency losses incurred through the supply chain). Calcuated through life cycle analysis of full supply chain. Most emissions from EVs use occur either in engine when liquid fuels are are combusted in PHEVs or in power plant making electricity (upstream) used to power all types of EVs and refining process to make actual vehicle.

Hydrogen highway

indirect support for FCVs that involve measures such as government procurement programs for FCVs or the establishment of a network of fueling stations

Fuel cell vehicle (FCV)

is an electric vehicle platform that uses electric motors to move a vehicle with an onboard generator for electrical energy using a fuel cell that are typically designed to run on hydrogen. Other fuel cell designs that run on natural gas, propane or LPG are possible however

battery swapping

quick removal of a depleted battery and the necessary equipment to replace it with a charged battery

regenerative braking

recapturing of energy to be used to power the onboard system

battery EV (BEV)

rely exclusively on electricity to power the vehicle with no ICE components.

Vehicle to Grid (V2G)

the collection of methods enabling grid-connected vehicles to offer these services (Ex: EVs with batteries and plugs can support the grid and improve overall reliability and cost of production). These technologies can provide an important source of revenue to vehicle owners

Boil-off

the evaporative property of LNG where it must be used relatively quickly after filling as tanks that are not used for durations approaching a week must be vented to remove excess vapor for safety reasons to avoid dangerage build-up in pressure

Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs)

vehicles power by natural gas. They comprise less than 1%of the roughly one million HDVs sold annually in U.S. Can play a key role in meeting future transportation requirements. They reduce air pollution and GHG emissions. Natural gas is readily avaialble with existing distribution infrastructure and economics can prove advantageous. Present little technology risk for investors b/c tech. components are well understood and in commercial use around world

level 1 charger

120 V charger Standard plug and outlet for US electrical devices

level 2 charger

208 V or 240 V and can draw power ranging from 3.3 to 19.2 kW

DC fast charger

500 V DC and draws power of >60 kW available for commercial grade charging stations

plug-in hybrid EV (PHEV)

EV's developed by adding additional chargers and battery capacity solve which can extend the average daily commuting range and increase flexibility or constraints due to infrequent charging infrastructure. 2 types: serial hybrid vehicles and parallel hybrid vehicles

Adoption Constraints

Economic, social, capital, and other barriers (market failure) that prevent adoption of new EV technology

Total Cost of Ownership

All of the fixed and variable costs associated with purchasing and maintaining an electric car throughout its useful lifetime

Total Potential Market

All of the vehicles that could technically be sold as EVs (so 80 million because there is no reason that all of the trucks and automobiles couldn't be sold as an EV)

Discharge

Amount of electricity that can be delivered from a battery

Bivalent engine

NGV engine that runs on a combination of natural gas and other fuels

Cycle Life

Number of times that a battery can be charged/discharged before it is no longer viable for powering transportation

Useful capacity

Proportion of total battery capacity that can be utilized without damaging the battery

Total Addressable Market

Realistic market that device manufactures can expect to penetrate

Well-to-wheels efficiency

Total efficiency at which energy is converted into transportation services

Cost per Mile (CPM)

Units that Total Cost of Ownership must be in to ensure that different types of transportation can be compared to one another

Vehicle Protection Mode

When the car gets near its safe discharge limit, it will alert the driver and begin to shut off excess uses of power/auxiliary appliances

Range Anxiety

a concern about how far EV owners can go on a single charge and whether they can perform all of their necessary transportation tasks without running out of charge or going too far out their way to recharge