Chapter 16 prep u

A client has questioned the nurse's administration of intravenous (IV) normal saline, asking, "Wouldn't sterile water be a more appropriate choice than saltwater?" Under what circumstances would the nurse administer electrolyte-free water intravenously?

Never, because it rapidly enters red blood cells, causing them to rupture.

A patient is admitted with a diagnosis of renal failure. The patient complains of "stomach distress" and describes ingesting several antacid tablets over the past 2 days. Blood pressure is 110/70 mm Hg, face is flushed, and the patient is experiencing generalized weakness. Which is the most likely magnesium level associated with the symptoms the patient is having?

5 mEq/L

A client in the emergency department reports that he has been vomiting excessively for the past 2 days. His arterial blood gas analysis shows a pH of 7.50, partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 43 mm Hg, partial pressure of arterial oxygen (Pa02) of 75 mm Hg. and bicarbonate (HCO3) of 42 mEq/L. Based on these findings, the nurse documents that the client is experiencing which type of acid-base imbalance?

Metabolic alkalosis

A client with hypokalemia is to receive intravenous (IV) potassium replacement. Which action should the nurse take when administering potassium intravenously? Select all that apply.

• Follow the facility policy for infusion of potassium. • Assess blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine prior to potassium administration. • Report a reduced urinary output to the health care provider.

The nurse is caring for a client diagnosed with bulimia. The client is being treated for a serum potassium concentration of 2.9 mEq/L (2.9 mol/L). Which statement made by the client indicates the need for further teaching?

"I can Lise laxatives and enemas but only once a week."

A client experiencing a severe anxiety attack and hyperventilating presents to the emergency department. The nurse would expect the client's pH value to be

750

A client comes to the emergency department with status asthmaticus. His respiratory rate is 48 breaths/minute, and he is wheezing. An arterial blood gas analvsis reveals a pH of 7.52, a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) of 30 mm Hg, Pa02 of 70 mm Hg, and bicarbonate (HCO3?7) of 26 mEq/L. What disorder is indicated by these findings?

Metabolic alkalosis

To evaluate a client for hypoxia, the physician is most likely to order which laboratory test?

Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis - Red blood cell count, sputum culture, total hemoglobin, and ABG analysis all help evaluate a client with respiratory problems. However, ABG analysis is the only test that evaluates gas exchange in the lungs, providing information about the client's oxygenation status.

The nurse is caring for a client who has a diagnosis of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH). The plan of care includes assessment of specific gravity every 4 hours. The results of this test will allow the nurse to assess what aspect of the client's health?

Fluid volume status

You are doing an admission assessment on an elderly patient newly admitted for end-stage liver disease. You must assess the patient's skin turgor. What should you remember when evaluating skin turgor?

Inelastic skin turgor is a normal part of aging.

Which intervention is most appropriate for a client with an arterial blood gas (ABG) of pH 7.5, a partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO,) of 26 mm Hg, oxygen (O2) saturation of 96%, bicarbonate (HCOz-) of 24 mEq/L, and a Pa02 of 94 mm Hg?

Instruct the client to breathe into a paper bag.

With which condition should the nurse expect that a decrease in serum osmolality will occur?

Kidney failure Failure of the kidneys results in multiple fluid and electrolyte abnormalities including fluid volume overload. If renal function is so severely impaired that pharmacologic agents cannot act efficiently, other modalities are considered to remove sodium and fluid from the body.

A client hospitalized for treatment of a pulmonary embolism develops respiratory alkalosis. Which clinical findings commonly accompany respiratory alkalosis?

Light-headedness or paresthesia - The client with respiratory alkalosis may complain of light-headedness or paresthesia (numbness and tingling in the arms and legs). Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea may accompany respiratory acidosis. Hallucinations and tinnitus rarely are associated with respiratory alkalosis or any other acid-base imbalance.

The nurse is caring for a client undergoing alcohol withdrawal. Which serum laboratory value should the nurse monitor most closely?

Magnesium

Which electrolyte is a major cation in body fluid?

Potassium

A nurse is caring for a client admitted with a diagnosis of exacerbation of myasthenia gravis. Upon assessment of the client, the nurse notes the client has severely depressed respirations. The nurse would expect to identify which acid-base disturbance?

Respiratory Acidosis - Respiratory acidosis is always from inadequate excretion of CO2 with inadequate ventilation, resulting in elevated plasma CO2 concentrations. Respiratory acidosis can occur in diseases that impair respiratory muscles such as myasthenia gravis.

A client who is being treated for pneumonia reports sudden shortness of breath. An arterial blood gas (ABG) is drawn. The ABG has the following values: pH 7.21, PaCO2 64 mm Hg, HO 24 mm Hg. Which condition does the ABG reflect?

Respiratory acidosis

A client who is being treated for pneumonia reports sudden shortness of breath. An arterial blood gas (ABG) is drawn. The ABG has the following values: pH 7.21, PaCOz 64 mm Hg, HCO3 24 mm Hg. Which condition does the ABG reflect?

Respiratory acidosis

A nurse reviews the arterial blood gas (ABG) values of a client admitted with pneumonia: pH, 7.51; PaCO2, 28 mm Hg; Pa02, 70 mm Hg; and HCOg-, 24 mEq/L. What do these values indicate?

Respiratory alkalosis

A client with emphysema is at a greater risk for developing which acid-base imbalance?

chronic respiratory acidosis

The nurse is caring for a client with a serum sodium concentration of 113 mEq/L (113 mmol/L). The nurse should monitor the client for the development of which condition?

confusion

A client with mild fluid volume excess is prescribed a diuretic that blocks sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule. Which diuretic does the nurse anticipate administering to this client?

hydrochlorothiazide

Early signs of hypervolemia include

increased breathing effort and weight gain

Clients diagnosed with hypervolemia should avoid sweet or dry food because it

increases the client's desire to consume fluid.

While assessing a client's peripheral IV site, the nurse observes edema and coolness around the insertion site. How should the nurse document this observation?

infiltration

The nurse is caring for a patient with diabetes type I who is having severe vomiting and diarrhea. What condition that exhibits blood values with a low pH and a low plasma bicarbonate concentration should the nurse assess for?

metabolic acidosis

Which set of arterial blood gas (ABG) results requires further investigation?

pH 7.49, PaCO2 30 mm Hg, PaO2 89 mm Hg, and HCO3- 18 mEq/L

A patient in the ICU starts complaining of being "short of breath." An arterial blood gas (ABG) is drawn. The ABG has the following values: pH = 7.21, PaCO2 = 64 mm Hg, HCO3 = 24 mm Hg. What does the ABG reflect?

respiratory acidosis

A client admitted with acute anxiety has the following arterial blood gas (ABG) values: pH, 7.55; partial pressure of arterial oxygen (Pa02), 90 mm Hg; partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), 27 mm Hg; and bicarbonate (HCO3 ), 24 mEq/L. Based on these values, the nurse suspects:

respiratory alkalosis.

As Americans live longer, relatively rare conditions are becoming more commonplace - one of which is hypervolemia. What are early signs of hypervolemia? Select all that apply.

• weight gain • increased breathing effort • moist breath sounds