Chapter 16 Review
Describe the central issues in psychotherapy
90 percent of individuals rather have therapy before taking medications
Class notes: Describe some therapeutic lifestyle changes
Aerobic exercise: getting HRa to 120-160 bpm Adequate sleep Light exposure Social connection
Describe drug therapy using antianxiety drugs, antidepressant drugs, medication for bipolar disorder, antipsychotic drugs.
Antianxiety Drugs: - tranquilizers, make individuals calmer and less excitable; bind to neurotransmitters that become overactive during anxiety - benzodiazepines, for example Xanax, Valium, Librium - addictive concern; beta blockers Antidepressant drugs: - regulate mood - tricyclics (elavil): 3-ringed molecular structure, increase neurotransmitter and 60-70% of patients have reduced symptoms; said to be more effective than newer treatments - tetracyclics (avanza): also called noradrenergic and specific sertonergic antidepressants (NaSSAs) increase serotonin and norepinephrine - monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors such as nardil: block monoamine oxidase which is an enzyme that breaks down serotonin and norepinephrine; stronger but have more severe side effects - serotonin inhibitors such as prozac, paxil, and zoloft: increasingly used and focus on interfering only with re-absorption of serotonin; effective with fewest side effects Medication for bipolar disorder: - lithium: widely used to treat bipolar disorder; stabilize mood by influencing serotonin and norepinephrine; high dosages can be toxic thus is highly monitored. Antipsychotic drugs: powerful drugs that diminish agitated behavior, reduce tension, decrease hallucinations, improve social behavior and produce better sleep patterns - used for disorders such as schizophrenia, treats symptoms not the disease - neuroleptics: first-generation anti-psychotics including Haldol (haloperidol), loxitane (loxapine) and thorazine (chlorpromazine) block dopamine's action - atypical antipsychotic medications (second generation antipsychotics) include clozaril (clozapine) and risperdal (risperidone) block dopamine and serotonin - serious side effects: tardive dyskinesia (neurological disorder associated with random movements of facial muscles, tongue, mouth and twitching of limbs) and metabolic syndrome 9 condition associate with obesity linked to diabetes and heart disease)
Class notes: Define pharmacokinetics and include information about administration and drug metabolism
Definition: how the body handles the drug we take Administration: - orally - inhalation - intravenously Drug metabolism: - recent issues related to psychotropic drugs and metabolism (conditioning and certain foods can enchanted effects of drugs)
Class notes: Describe mindfulness-based therapy including mindfulness-based stress reduction and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. Also describe the advantages and disadvantages of this type of therapy.
Defintion: where you are trying to cultivate nonjudgmental mental state Components: regulate your attention and are in the present moment How it works: - drawing your attention away from the past and future - encourages acceptance of any troubling thoughts or feelings - promotes relaxation Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR): - encompasses meditation and yoga and attention to physical experiences; goal is to reduce stress Mindfulness-based cognitive theory (MBCT): trying to reduce stress levels; focus on ones thoughts and associated emotions
Describe if psychotherapy works
Does it Work? - yes - individuals in treatment of multiple sessions have found significant improvement compared to placebo
Class notes: Describe emerging treatment strategies with technology
Enhancing existing treatments - using technology to advantage (FaceTiming and Skype for therapy sessions) Cognitive bias modification
Explain how psychotherapies differ
Insight versus symptoms and skill development: - some treatments focus on gaining insight into deeper causes of a problem; others focus on a persons immediate symptoms on helping a person develop specific skills to manage those symptoms Directive versus nondirective: - some require outspoken therapists whom is also active in clients life while other require client to drive interaction with less active therapists
Describe what is meant by both therapy integration and dialectical behavior therapy.
Integrative therapy: combination of techniques from different therapies based on the therapists judgement of which particular methods will provide the greatest benefit for the client Dialectical Behavior Therapy: a therapy used for borderline personality disorder that encompasses a variety of techniques such as HW assignments, cognitive interventions, intensive individual therapy, and group sessions involving others with the disorder
Class notes: Describe some of the controversial issues in psychopharmacology including juveniles and the elderly.
Juveniles: - 1/5 children are diagnosed with psychological disorder - unethical to test drugs on children (hard to tell how they will react and interfere with brain development -> long term effects Elderly: - poly pharmacy (someone taking multiple drugs0 - slow metabolism - biggest risk is falling and drugs cause dizziness will make more susceptible to falling - decrease bone density
Describe if one therapy works better than others
One therapy more significant better than others? - no one therapy shown to be significantly more effective - empirically supported treatment: means that for any given psychological disorder, treatment decisions should be based on the body of research that has been conducted showing which type of therapy works best - evidenced-based practice: means that decisions about treatment are made using the best available research and considering the therapist's clinical judgment and client characteristics, culture and preferences
Describe humanistic therapies including Rogers work on client-centered therapy and the terms congruence, reflective speech, unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy
People are encouraged toward self-understanding and personal growth Client-centered therapy: form of humanist therapy by carl rogers which the therapists provides warm, supportive atmosphere to improve the client's self concept and to encourage the person to gain insights into problems (more congruent actual self to ideal self) Reflective Speech: technique in which the therapists mirrors the clients own feelings back to the client - unconditional positive regard: the therapists constantly recognizes the inherent value of the client, proving a context for personal growth and self-acceptance - empathy: the therapist strives to put themselves in clients shoes - genuineness: the therapists is a real person in their relationship with client and sharing real feelings For genuine and unconditional positive regard to both occur the regard must be a sincere expression of the therapists true feelings
Describe psychodynamic therapies including information about psychoanalysis and contemporary psychodynamic therapies
Psychodynamic therapies: stress the importance of the unconscious mind, extensive interpretation by the therapists and the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individuals problems Psychoanalysis: freuds therapeutic technique for analyzing an individuals unconscious thoughts - free association: person say allowed what're comes to mind in response Dream analysis: psychoanalytic technique for interpreting a person's dreams; hidden unconscious wishes within dreams Transference: psychoanalytic term for the clients relating to the analyst in ways that produce or relive important relationships in the individuals life Contemporary psychoanalysis focus more on conscious mind and current relationships, less on sex
Describe the psychological and biological approaches to treating psychological disorders
Psychological approach: - psychotherapy also called talk therapy involves training to develop expertise in diagnosis disorders, administratering psychological assessments and preforming therapy Biological Disorders: - psychiatrists are medical doctors who specialize in treating psychological disorders can prescribe medicine - debate to allow general psychologists to have addittional drug training to be allowed to administer medications
Class notes: List some of the ways pets help people psychologically and physically.
Reduce stress Lowers HR and BP
Describe the factors in effective psychotherapy including therapeutic alliance, the therapist, and the client
Therapeutic alliance is the relationship between the therapist and client - engaged in working relationships the alliance is strong The therapists: - higher expertise are those who not only process a great deal of knowledge but those who continue to learn, to monitor client progress, and to make changes when necessary - important for match between therapists style and client personalities The client: - person seeking treatment - most important determinant of successful treatment is clients participation
Describe psychotherapy
Title
Describe the sociocultural approaches for treatment
Title
Describe the approaches to treating psychological disorders.
Title Clinical Psychology: area of psychology that intergrates science and theory to prevent and treat psychological disorders psychotherapy: nonmedical process that helps individuals with psychological disorders recognize and overcome their problems Biological therapies (biomedical therapies): treatments that reduce or eliminate the symptoms of psychological disorders by altering aspects of bodily functions
Describe biological therapies
Title Drug therapy is most common form of biomedical therapy
Describe psychosurgery.
biological intervention that involves the removal or destruction of brain tissue to improve the individual's adjustment; cannot be reversed Walter Freeman champion of prefrontal lobotomies; used in mental institutions but resulted in many severe side effects of memory loss and brain damage; ethical concerns Present technique includes small lesion of amygdala or another part of limbic system to treat OCD, major depression, or bipolar disorder
Describe group therapy.
brings individuals together who share a psychological disorder in sessions that typically led by a mental health professional Focus on: - information: receive information about disorder - universality: they can see that they are not alone - altruism: group members support one another with advice and sympathy and learn that they have something to offer others - experience of positive family group: therapy group act as family - development of social skills: corrective feedback correct social skills issues - interpersonal learning: practicing new behaviors and relationships
Describe cognitive therapies including cognitive restructuring and cognitive behavioral therapy.
cognitive therapies: emphasize that cognitions, or thoughts, are the main source of psychological problems; these therapies attempt to change the individual's feelings and behaviors by changing cognitions - focus on symptoms and skill development or illness history Foundations of cognitive therapies: - involves getting people to recognize these connections and helping them use thinking to change their feelings - cognitive restructuring: a general concept for changing a pattern of thought that is presumed to be causing maladaptive behavior or emotion, is central to cognitive therapies
Describe cultural perspectives for therapy including ethnicity and gender.
cross-cultural competence: both how skilled a therapists feels about being able to manage cultural issues that might arise in therapy and how the client perceives the therapists ability - dominant features include demonstrating respect for cultural beliefs and practices and balancing the goals of therapy with the goals and values of the clients culture ethnicity: ethnic minorities have been found to work better with therapists in their same background - however, if a therapists is culturally skilled and have good knowledge of their clients cultural group then they can have competence working with individuals in those groups Gender: feminists therapists seek to challenge power dynamic and maintain equality across roles - improvement depends on understanding how bias and discrimination in women's lives can contribute to development of disorders - acknowledging and exploring ways that unfair society shapes women's lives and provides context for their struggles; build on strengths instead of fixing weaknesses
Describe community mental health.
deinstitutionalization: large numbers of individuals with psychological disorders were transferred from mental institutions to community-based facilities explicit goals to help people who are disenfranchised to lead happy, more productive lives empowerment: assisting individuals to develop skills they need to control their own lives
Describe family and couples therapy
family therapy: group therapy among family members - validation: express understanding and acceptance - re-framing: make problems family problems not individuals problems - structural change: restructure coalitions - detriangulation: determine root of conflicts and disentangle from issue that is more obvious couples therapy: group therapy with married or unmarried couples whose major problem lies within their relationship
Describe behavior therapies and include information about classical conditioning techniques (with systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning) and operant conditioning techniques (with Applied Behavioral Analysis).
previous therapies are insight therapies: -encourage self-awareness as the key to psychological health Behavior therapies: - help people change behavior an not underlying thoughts or emotions - use principle of learning to reduce or eliminate manipulative behavior Classical conditioning techniques: - used in treating phobias - systematic desensitization: method of behavior therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations - aversive conditioning: consists of repeated pairings of an undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli to decrease the behavior's positive associations; can learn to avoid behaviors Operant conditioning techniques: - changing unhealthy behaviors and replacing them with positive behaviors - use positive reinforcement connections between healthy behaviors and rewards - more effective for individuals with disabilities in cognitive or developmental
Describe therapies and health and wellness
relieving psychological disorders can have benefits for improving physical health
Describe electroconvulsive therapy.
shock therapy that sets of seizure in the brain primary use is severe depression, can also be used for chronic PTSD - procedure reduced or weakened connections in prefrontal cortex, immediate increased mood - life saving for individuals threatening suicide Used to be used on whole brain, increasingly applied to right side Deep brain stimulation: doctors surgically implant electrodes in the brain that emit signals and alter the brain's electrical circuitry - stimulation of nucleus accumbus (reward pathway) can be stimulated to treat depression - procedure also used to treat bipolar disorder
Describe Seligman's well-being therapy.
short-termed, problem-focused, directive therapy that encourages clients to accentuate the positive - ask to look at life moments that make them feel happy and then determine things that lead to premature ending of those happy thoughts about learning and savoring positive life moments
Describe self-help support groups.
voluntary organizations of individuals who get together on a regular basis to discuss topics of common interest; paraprofessionals are individuals who have been taught by a professional to provide some mental health services but who do not have a formal mental health training Example: AA
