Chapter 16 Section 2

Ironclads

Ships heavily armored with iron.

How many men were in General Irvin McDowell's army?

A 35,000-man army

Seven Days' Battles

A series of clashes that forced the Union army to retreat from near Richmond.

What helped the Confederates surge forward?

A steady stream of Virginia volunteers arrived to counter the attack.

Where did General Irvin McDowell's troops and General Pierre G. T. Beauregard's troops first meet?

At a creek called Bull Run

What would happen if McDowell could seize Manassas?

He would control the best route to the Confederate capital.

What mistake did George McClellan make in the Battle of Antietam?

During the battle, McClellan kept four divisions of soldiers in reserve and refused to use them to attack Lee's devastated army. McClellan was convinced that Lee was massing reserves for a counterattack. Those reserves did not exist.

Who did Lincoln put as general after McDowell failed on the first attack in the Civil War?

General George B. McClellan

What did General George B. McClellan assemble?

General George B. McClellan assembled a highly disciplined force of 100,000 soldiers called the Army of the Potomac.

Who was the first general of the first major battle in the Civil War for the Union?

General Irvin McDowell

Who did Lincoln order to be the new general after George McClellan lost the Seven Days' Battle?

General John Pope

Who backs up General Pierre G. T. Beauregard and with how many troops?

General Joseph E. Johnston headed toward Manassas with another 10,000 Confederate troops.

What did General McClellan learn about Lee's battle plan from previous armies? What mistake did McClellan do and what was the result of this?

General McClellan learned that Lee had divided his army in order to attack Harpers Ferry. However, McClellan hesitated to attack. As a result, the Confederates had time to reunite.

Who were the 22,000 confederate troops under the command of?

General Pierre G. T. Beauregard

Who was the Confederate Army under the new command of?

General Robert E. Lee

What happened during the Seven Days' Battle?

General Robert E. Lee and his troops defeated the Union army and forced them to retreat from Richmond.

Why did McClellan hesitate to attack?

He overestimated the size of the Confederate Army.

Where was General McDowell's army headed to?

McDowell's army was headed to Manassas, Virginia, an important railroad junction.

What new warship did the Confederacy build?

Ironclads

What was the Battle of Antietam known for?

It was known as the bloodiest single-day battle of the Civil War—and of U.S. history.

What happened in the Second Battle of Bull Run?

Jackson's troops met Pope's Union forces on the battlefield in August in 1862. The battle lasted three days

What did Robert E. Lee do after entering the town of Fredrick? How did the people respond to this?

Lee arrived in the town of Frederick and issued a Proclamation to the People of Maryland, urging them to join the Confederates. His words would not be enough to convince Marylanders to abandon the Union.

What was special about General Robert E. Lee?

Lee was willing to take risks and make unpredictable moves to throw Union forces off balance.

What finally happened in spring of 1862?

McClellan launched an effort to capture Richmond called the "Peninsular Campaign."

What did McClellan do instead of marching south for a direct assault?

McClellan slowly brought his force through the peninsula between the James and York rivers.

What happened on September 4, 1862?

On September 4, 1862, some 40,000 Confederate soldiers began crossing into Maryland. General Robert E. Lee decided to divide his army. He sent about half of his troops, under the command of Stonewall Jackson, to Harpers Ferry. There they defeated a Union force and captured the town.

What happened on the second day of the Second Battle of Bull Run?

On the second day, Pope found Jackson's troops along an unfinished railroad grade. Pope hurled his men against the Confederates. But the attacks were pushed back with heavy casualties on both sides.

What happened on the third day of the Second Battle of Bull Run?

On the third day, the Confederates crushed the Union army's assault and forced it to retreat in defeat.

How did the British government break their promise?

The British government neglected to stop ironclads from being delivered, in violation of its pledge of neutrality.

After winning the Second Battle of Bull Run, what did General Robert E. Lee decide to do?

The Confederates had won a major victory, and General Robert E. Lee decided it was time to take the war to the North.

What steamship did the Confederates first capture after they made ironclads?

The Merrimack

What was the Union ironclad called that was designed by Swedish born engineer John Ericsson?

The Monitor

Why did the Union have a better navy than the Confederates?

The North had most of the U.S. Navy's small fleet, and many experienced naval officers had remained loyal to the Union. The North also had enough industry to build more ships. The Confederacy turned to British companies for new ships.

What did the south fear of? How did they take action? What was the result of this?

The South feared that McClellan would receive reinforcements from Washington. To prevent this, Stonewall Jackson launched an attack toward Washington. Although the attack was pushed back, it prevented the Union from sending reinforcements to McClellan.

How did the south respond to Union blockades?

The South used small, fast ships to outrun the larger Union warships. Most of these blockade runners traveled to the Bahamas or Nassau to buy supplies for the Confederacy.

Which navy controlled the sea?

The Union navy

How did the Union navy damage southern economy?

The Union navy quickly mobilized to set up a blockade of southern ports. The blockade largely prevented the South from selling or receiving goods, and it seriously damaged the southern economy.

What happened in the Battle of Antietam?

The battle lasted for hours. By the end of the day, the Union had suffered more than 12,000 casualties. The Confederates endured more than 13,000 casualties. The Union army won the battle.

Why was the Union blockade hard to maintain?

The blockade was hard to maintain because the Union navy had to patrol thou- sands of miles of coastline from Virginia to Texas.

What signaled a revolution in naval warfare? How?

The clash of the ironclads also signaled a revolution in naval warfare. The days of wooden warships powered by wind and sails were drawing to a close.

What did the shock at Bull Run persuaded Lincoln of?

The shock at Bull Run persuaded Lincoln of the need for a better trained army.

What happened on the first day of the Second Battle of Bull Run?

The first day's fighting was savage. The fighting ended in a stalemate.

How many miles did General Irvin McDowell's army cover on their first day?

The first day's march covered only five miles.

How were the troops in General Irvin McDowell's army?

The soldiers were barely trained.

Where did the two armies meet after Union troops found a Lee's battle plan?

The two armies met along Antietam Creek in Maryland.

What caused the Union army to scatter in chaos?

The weary Union troops gave out. They tried to make an orderly retreat back across the creek, but the roads were clogged with the fancy carriages of panicked spectators.

What was the advantages of ironclads?

They destroyed ships and received minor damages.

What did Confederates do to the Merrimack after they captured it?

They turned it into an ironclad and renamed the Virginia.

What was the disadvantage of the ironclads?

They were slow.

What did Union soldiers find? Where?

Union soldiers, however, found a copy of Lee's battle plan, which had been left at an abandoned Confederate camp.

First Battle of Bull Run

Was the first major battle of the Civil War, and the victory. The battle is also known as the First Battle of Manassas. It shattered the North's hopes of winning the war quickly.

How did General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson earn his famous nickname?

When his unit held firmly in place and a southerner shouted, "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall!"

What happened when the Virginia returned to Hampton Roads?

When the Virginia returned to Hampton Roads later that month, the Monitor was waiting. After several hours of fighting, neither ship was seriously damaged, but the Monitor forced the Virginia to withdraw.