Chapter 17

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unit of measurement for atomic particles

atomic mass unit (amu) which is one twelfth the mass of a carbon atom containing six protons and six neutrons

Elements are organized in the periodic table by

atomic number

Isotopes

atoms of the same element with the different number of neutrons

hydrogen and helium

building blocks for all other elements

energy level one

can hold 2 electrons

Atomic Mass

composed mostly of protons and neutrons

Moseley

created current periodic table in 1913; used atomic number

electron cloud

current model; shows electrons traveling around the nucleus in their energy levels

Same elements exist

everywhere in the universe

supernovas

exploding star; responsible for ejecting heavier elements throughout the universe

solid sphere

first model; created by Dalton

proton

have a charge of +1; located in the nucleus

different isotopes of the same element will

have different properties

energy level three

holds 18 electrons

energy level four

holds 32 electrons

energy level two

holds 8 electrons

Periods

horizontal rows of elements

Mendeleev

in 1800s, created first periodic table; grouped by atomic mass rather that atomic number

Elements are abbreviated

in scientific shorthand (always first letter or two of word)

if you +/- electron from an atom

ion

name of element followed by mass number identifies

isotope

+/- neutron from atom

isotopes

Elements are classified by

metals, nonmetals, and metalloids

electrons

negative charge; outside nucleus

neutron

neutral charge; inside nucleus

nucleus

protons and neutrons located inside; electrons outside in the cloud

Atom

smallest piece of matter that still has the properties of the element

number of neutrons is found by

subtracting the mass number and the atomic number

Mass number

sum of protons and neutrons

Atomic number

the number of protons in an atom; if it's not an isotope, it tells how many neutrons and electrons are in the atom

Elements in the same group have

the same number of valence electrons

average atomic mass is closest

to it's most abundant isotope

Electron dot diagrams (Lewis)

use the element's symbol and the dots to represent the outer energy level

Groups

vertical columns on periodic table

average atomic mass

weighted average mass of the elements isotope

Quarks

what protons and neutrons are made of; six known to exist; 6th quark is the top quark

if you add or subtract a proton from an element

you get a new element


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