Chapter 17
All fall under genetic/cellular process theory
-Cellular clock theory -Free radical theory -Mitochondrial theory -Cardiovascular disease
Vision decline is linked to
-Cognitive decline -Having fewer social contacts and engaging in less challenging social/leisure activities
The three categories of biological theories
-Evolutionary -Genetic/Cellular -Hormonal
Poor sleep is an increased risk factor in
-Falls -Obesity -Lower level of cognitive function -Earlier death
Chronic conditions are associated with greatest limitations in work are (in order)
-Heart conditions -Diabetes -Asthma -Arthritis
Hearing problems are linked to
-Impaired activities of daily lives -Less time spent out of the home and leisure activities -Increased falls -Reduced cognitive functioning -Loneliness
The frequency of binge drinking was the highest amount what age group?
Older adults
Dark adaptation
Older individuals take longer to recover their vision when going from a well-lightened room to semidarkness
_____ become less frequent with males with age
Orgasms
Allostasis load
Wearing down of body systems due to constant activity
How much does the brain lose of it's weight from 20-90 years old
5-10%
The brain loses _____ of its weight between ages of 20 and 90
5-10%
Weight normally drops after reaching _____ years of age
60
_____ of deaths from ages 65 to 74 are caused by cancer or cardiovascular disease
60%
Cancer is also the leading cause of death for _____ year olds
65-74
The young old
65-84 years old
At what rate are centenarians increasing per year?
7%
The decline in hearing is much greater in individuals who are _____ compared to those who are _____
75, 65-74
What is the US life expectancy?
78.6 years
_____ of adults 65 or older have one or more chronic disease
84%
The oldest old
85+ years old
What is the fastest growing sector of the population?
85+ years old
Exercise...
-Is linked to increase longevity -Is related to prevention of common chronic disease -Is associated with increased effectiveness of treatment for many diseases -Improves older adults cellular functioning -Improves immune system functioning in older adults -Can optimize body compensation and reduce and decline in motor skills as aging occurs -Reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop mental health problems -Improved brain, cognitive, and affective functioning
What are some reasons for the latino health paradox?
-Migration patterns -Extended family connections -Rates of smoking
The three topics that reflect the adaptiveness of the human brain in older adults
-The possibility that the brain might be able to generate new neurons -The role of dendritic growth -The adaptive of potential of delaterization
At 60 the retina receives about _____ as much light as it did at 20
1/3
What is the life span for humans?
120-125 years
What country has the most centenarians?
1: United States 2: Japan 3: China 4: England/Wales
1 out of _____ 80 or older have serious problems getting/keeping an erection
2
1 out of _____ from 65 to 80 have serious problems getting/keeping an erection
4
Lung capacity drops ______ between the ages of 20 and 80
40%
Dendrite growth is no longer present in what age?
90's
Demyelination
A deterioration in the myelin sheath that encase the axons and is associated with information processing
Chronic disease
A slow onset and a long duration
Cataracts
A thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy and distorted
What ethnicity has the highest death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer
African Americans
Hormone stress theory
Aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease
Genetic/cellular process theory
Aging is best explained by cellular maintenance requirements and evolutionary constraints
Mitochondrial theory
Aging is due to the decay of mitochondria
Osteoporosis
An extensive loss of bone tissue
A loss in muscle mass leads to
An increase in body fat
Arthritis
An inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems
Dendrites
Are the receiving portion of the neurons
Most common types of chronic disease in late adulthood
Arthritis followed by hypertension
What two ethnicities have the lowest death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer?
Asian Americans and Latinos
_____ just recently passed cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in middle aged adults
Cancer
_____ is the leading cause of death for the 85+ age bracket
Cardiovascular disease
Individuals who sleep more than 10 hours a day are more likely to have
Cardiovascular disease and diabetes
Cellular clock theory
Cells can divide a maximum of about 75-80 times and as we age our cells become less capable of dividing
What impacts longevity?
Culture, gender, and race
What may contribute to harmful weight loss (especially in women)?
Decrease in snacking in between meals
Binge drinking _____ (increases/decreases) in middle and late adulthood
Decreases
Brain volume _____ (increases/decreases)
Decreases
The shrinkage of the prefrontal cortex is linked to
Decreasing working memory and slower motor behavior in older adults
Macular degeneration
Deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field
Ageism
Discrimination based on age
T/F: Chronic disease is common in early adulthood, decreases in middle adulthood, and is rare in late adulthood
False
T/F: Color vision and depth perception do not decline with aging
False
T/F: Dendrite growth cannot occur in humans
False
T/F: Men live longer than women
False
What may cause differences in life expectancy?
Health conditions and medical care
Higher levels of aerobic exercise is linked to a greater volume of the
Hippocampus
Reduction in _____ as we age
Immunity
From 40 to 70 dendrite growth _____ (Increases/decreases)
Increases
Centenarians
Individuals 100 years and older
Supercentration
Individuals 110 and older
Glaucoma
Involves damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
Evolutionary theory of aging
Natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults
Latino Health Paradox
Latinos live 33 years longer than non-Latino whites despite having a lower education
Improvements in what have increased our life expectancy by about 30 years?
Medicine, exercise, and lifestyle
What country has the highest life expectancy?
Monaco at 89.4 years
Free-radical theory
People age because when cells metabolize energy the by-products include unstable oxygen models known aS free radicals
What area of the brain shrinks the most with aging?
Prefrontal cortex
Allostasis
Process of adaptation and adjustment
Visual decline can often be traced to a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the _____
Retina
We become _____ (shorter/taller) as we get older
Shorter
Color vision may decline with older age and as a result
The yellowing of the lens of the eye
What country has the lowest life expectancy?
South Africa at 50.6 years
Immunity cells
T cells which are white blood cells
Neurogenesis
The generation of new neurons
What two brain regions has neurogenesis been documented in?
The hippocampus and the olfactory bulb
Life Span
The maximum number of years an individual can live
Life expectancy
The number of years that the average person born in a particular year will live
T/F: Excessively long sleep duration is also an indicator of less effective physical and cognitive functioning
True
T/F: Most older adults experience a loss in smell or taste or both
True
T/F: Neurogenesis does occur in lower mammal species such as mice
True
T/F: The more active old people are the happier and healthier they will be
True
Dual sensory loss
Visual and hearing loss
In late adulthood appearances changes that began in middle adulthood become more pronounced such as
Wrinkles and age spots