Chapter 17

All fall under genetic/cellular process theory

-Cellular clock theory -Free radical theory -Mitochondrial theory -Cardiovascular disease

Vision decline is linked to

-Cognitive decline -Having fewer social contacts and engaging in less challenging social/leisure activities

The three categories of biological theories

-Evolutionary -Genetic/Cellular -Hormonal

Poor sleep is an increased risk factor in

-Falls -Obesity -Lower level of cognitive function -Earlier death

Chronic conditions are associated with greatest limitations in work are (in order)

-Heart conditions -Diabetes -Asthma -Arthritis

Hearing problems are linked to

-Impaired activities of daily lives -Less time spent out of the home and leisure activities -Increased falls -Reduced cognitive functioning -Loneliness

The frequency of binge drinking was the highest amount what age group?

Older adults

Dark adaptation

Older individuals take longer to recover their vision when going from a well-lightened room to semidarkness

_____ become less frequent with males with age

Orgasms

Allostasis load

Wearing down of body systems due to constant activity

How much does the brain lose of it's weight from 20-90 years old

5-10%

The brain loses _____ of its weight between ages of 20 and 90

5-10%

Weight normally drops after reaching _____ years of age

60

_____ of deaths from ages 65 to 74 are caused by cancer or cardiovascular disease

60%

Cancer is also the leading cause of death for _____ year olds

65-74

The young old

65-84 years old

At what rate are centenarians increasing per year?

7%

The decline in hearing is much greater in individuals who are _____ compared to those who are _____

75, 65-74

What is the US life expectancy?

78.6 years

_____ of adults 65 or older have one or more chronic disease

84%

The oldest old

85+ years old

What is the fastest growing sector of the population?

85+ years old

Exercise...

-Is linked to increase longevity -Is related to prevention of common chronic disease -Is associated with increased effectiveness of treatment for many diseases -Improves older adults cellular functioning -Improves immune system functioning in older adults -Can optimize body compensation and reduce and decline in motor skills as aging occurs -Reduces the likelihood that older adults will develop mental health problems -Improved brain, cognitive, and affective functioning

What are some reasons for the latino health paradox?

-Migration patterns -Extended family connections -Rates of smoking

The three topics that reflect the adaptiveness of the human brain in older adults

-The possibility that the brain might be able to generate new neurons -The role of dendritic growth -The adaptive of potential of delaterization

At 60 the retina receives about _____ as much light as it did at 20

1/3

What is the life span for humans?

120-125 years

What country has the most centenarians?

1: United States 2: Japan 3: China 4: England/Wales

1 out of _____ 80 or older have serious problems getting/keeping an erection

2

1 out of _____ from 65 to 80 have serious problems getting/keeping an erection

4

Lung capacity drops ______ between the ages of 20 and 80

40%

Dendrite growth is no longer present in what age?

90's

Demyelination

A deterioration in the myelin sheath that encase the axons and is associated with information processing

Chronic disease

A slow onset and a long duration

Cataracts

A thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy and distorted

What ethnicity has the highest death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer

African Americans

Hormone stress theory

Aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease

Genetic/cellular process theory

Aging is best explained by cellular maintenance requirements and evolutionary constraints

Mitochondrial theory

Aging is due to the decay of mitochondria

Osteoporosis

An extensive loss of bone tissue

A loss in muscle mass leads to

An increase in body fat

Arthritis

An inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems

Dendrites

Are the receiving portion of the neurons

Most common types of chronic disease in late adulthood

Arthritis followed by hypertension

What two ethnicities have the lowest death rates for stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and female breast cancer?

Asian Americans and Latinos

_____ just recently passed cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death in middle aged adults

Cancer

_____ is the leading cause of death for the 85+ age bracket

Cardiovascular disease

Individuals who sleep more than 10 hours a day are more likely to have

Cardiovascular disease and diabetes

Cellular clock theory

Cells can divide a maximum of about 75-80 times and as we age our cells become less capable of dividing

What impacts longevity?

Culture, gender, and race

What may contribute to harmful weight loss (especially in women)?

Decrease in snacking in between meals

Binge drinking _____ (increases/decreases) in middle and late adulthood

Decreases

Brain volume _____ (increases/decreases)

Decreases

The shrinkage of the prefrontal cortex is linked to

Decreasing working memory and slower motor behavior in older adults

Macular degeneration

Deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field

Ageism

Discrimination based on age

T/F: Chronic disease is common in early adulthood, decreases in middle adulthood, and is rare in late adulthood

False

T/F: Color vision and depth perception do not decline with aging

False

T/F: Dendrite growth cannot occur in humans

False

T/F: Men live longer than women

False

What may cause differences in life expectancy?

Health conditions and medical care

Higher levels of aerobic exercise is linked to a greater volume of the

Hippocampus

Reduction in _____ as we age

Immunity

From 40 to 70 dendrite growth _____ (Increases/decreases)

Increases

Centenarians

Individuals 100 years and older

Supercentration

Individuals 110 and older

Glaucoma

Involves damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye

Evolutionary theory of aging

Natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults

Latino Health Paradox

Latinos live 33 years longer than non-Latino whites despite having a lower education

Improvements in what have increased our life expectancy by about 30 years?

Medicine, exercise, and lifestyle

What country has the highest life expectancy?

Monaco at 89.4 years

Free-radical theory

People age because when cells metabolize energy the by-products include unstable oxygen models known aS free radicals

What area of the brain shrinks the most with aging?

Prefrontal cortex

Allostasis

Process of adaptation and adjustment

Visual decline can often be traced to a reduction in the quality or intensity of light reaching the _____

Retina

We become _____ (shorter/taller) as we get older

Shorter

Color vision may decline with older age and as a result

The yellowing of the lens of the eye

What country has the lowest life expectancy?

South Africa at 50.6 years

Immunity cells

T cells which are white blood cells

Neurogenesis

The generation of new neurons

What two brain regions has neurogenesis been documented in?

The hippocampus and the olfactory bulb

Life Span

The maximum number of years an individual can live

Life expectancy

The number of years that the average person born in a particular year will live

T/F: Excessively long sleep duration is also an indicator of less effective physical and cognitive functioning

True

T/F: Most older adults experience a loss in smell or taste or both

True

T/F: Neurogenesis does occur in lower mammal species such as mice

True

T/F: The more active old people are the happier and healthier they will be

True

Dual sensory loss

Visual and hearing loss

In late adulthood appearances changes that began in middle adulthood become more pronounced such as

Wrinkles and age spots