Chapter 17

21. Researchers believe that odor perception __________ with age.

B) wanes and becomes distorted

80. The rate of Alzheimer's disease is reduced by more than half in older adults __________.

B) with higher education

9. Once people pass __________ years, the contribution of heredity to length of life decreases in favor of environmental factors.

D) 75 to 80

76. Marion has just learned that her brain contains an abundance of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. Marion's doctors are probably concerned that she has __________.

D) Alzheimer's disease

7. Which male has the lowest healthy life expectancy?

D) Emmanuel from Haiti

45. How do men and women compare in their physical health after age 85?

D) Men are less likely to be impaired because only the sturdiest have survived.

70. A form of dementia that involves deterioration in subcortical brain regions is __________.

D) Parkinson's disease

84. Which older male has the greatest risk of vascular dementia?

D) Shinobu, who is from Japan

86. Depression __________.

D) can lead to cognitive deterioration

69. Normal age-related cell death in the brain __________.

D) does not lead to loss of ability to engage in everyday activities

90. Overall, __________ provide(s) at least 60 to 80 percent of all long-term care in the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and Western Europe.

D) families

28. Older adults __________ than younger adults.

D) have more difficulty sleeping deeply

27. Which of the following is an indicator of survival over the next two years in a very old person?

D) high T cell activity

66. Compared with younger drivers, older people are __________.

D) less likely to yield the right of way

35. Wanting to be younger than one's actual age is associated with __________.

D) less positive well-being

5. David, a European-American male born in 1950, is likely to live 2 to 3 years __________ born the same year.

D) longer than Isaac, an African-American male

82. Caregivers of older adults with dementia usually say that __________ is the assistance they most desire.

D) respite—time away from providing care—

78. The abnormal APOE e4 gene is the most widely known risk factor for __________.

D) sporadic Alzheimer's disease

11. Centenarians __________.

D) usually have grandparents, parents, and siblings who reached very old age

12. Robust centenarians are __________.

B) emotionally secure and tough-minded

54. Mr. Wagner has difficulty breathing caused by an extreme loss of elasticity in lung tissue. This is known as __________.

B) emphysema

94. In setting personal goals, older adults __________.

B) focus on maintaining abilities and preventing losses

79. Research indicates that __________ has memory benefits and slows cognitive decline, at least in the short term, among older adults with mild cognitive impairment.

B) insulin therapy

44. Low-SES older adults are __________ likely than higher-SES older adults to seek medical care because __________.

B) less; they are less optimistic that treatment will work

2. Improved nutrition, medical treatment, sanitation, and safety have contributed to the dramatic gains in average __________ in the United States in the last 100 years.

B) life expectancy

38. Mrs. Nguyen agrees with the following statement: "As I get older, things are better than I thought they'd be." Mrs. Nguyen's self-perception __________.

B) may help her live a longer life

63. From middle to late adulthood, the incidence of type 2 diabetes __________.

B) nearly doubles

60. The cartilage on the ends of Wendell's joints is deteriorating. Around age 65, he developed bony lumps on the end of the joints on his fingers. Recently, he has been experiencing joint pain, swelling, and some loss of flexibility. Wendell probably has __________.

B) osteoarthritis

50. Brain scans show that __________ older people experience less tissue loss in the cerebral cortex.

B) physically fit

3. The __________, along with women's reduced risk taking and physical aggression, are believed to be responsible for the female advantage in average life expectancy.

B) protective value of the extra X chromosome

53. After cardiovascular disease and cancer, the most common cause of death among the aged is __________.

B) respiratory diseases

30. When Grace reached her 70s, she began having difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, and sleeping deeply. During the day, Grace worried about having sleep trouble. One thing Grace could do to foster restful sleep is __________.

B) use the bedroom only for sleep

20. Older adults have a greater __________.

B) difficulty recognizing familiar foods by taste alone

15. In late life, more women than men report being __________ impaired, and more men than women __________ impaired.

A) visually; hearing

22. __________ skills are strongly correlated with older adults' tactile performance.

A) Fluid

17. Which of the following is true about hearing loss in late adulthood?

A) It affects safety and enjoyment of life.

81. Which statement is true about caregiving of older adults with dementia?

A) It is sometimes known as the "36-hour day" because of its constant demands.

6. When researchers estimate average healthy life expectancy, __________ ranks first.

A) Japan

36. Which older adult is the most likely to score high in personal control?

A) Laura, from the United States

88. Which older adult is the most likely to enter a nursing home?

A) Mr. Holzman, who has dementia

31. __________ with age.

A) The nose and ears broaden

56. A blood vessel hemorrhaged in Ms. Rosenthal's brain, causing late-life physical disability. This is known as __________.

A) a stroke

52. Lesbian and gay older adults who are married or in committed relationships __________.

A) are more sexually active

98. At a recent family reunion, Philip's uncle recognized him as his brother's son, but could not recall his name. Philip's uncle exhibited a(n) __________ memory deficit.

A) associative

24. As the years pass, the heart muscle __________.

A) becomes more rigid

57. Which of the following is an example of primary aging?

A) blurred vision from macular degeneration

92. The more a mental ability depends on __________ intelligence, the earlier it starts to decline.

A) fluid

13. Wanda, age 77, has difficulty shopping, paying her bills, and preparing food. Wanda needs help with __________.

A) instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

41. The Marusa family, who are Japanese, celebrated Kenji's sixtieth birthday with a surprise party that recognized his senior place in the family and society. This ritual is known as __________.

A) kanreki

59. Frailty __________.

A) leaves older people highly vulnerable in the face of infection, extreme temperatures, or injury

95. In old age, __________ is/are better preserved than __________.

A) semantic memory; episodic memory

49. Sedentary healthy older adults up to age 80 who begin endurance training __________.

A) show gains in vital capacity

74. As Alzheimer's disease progresses, __________.

A) skilled and purposeful movements disintegrate

47. Daily vitamin-mineral supplements __________.

B) do not reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease or cancer

91. Assisted living __________.

B) can enhance residents' autonomy and life satisfaction

71. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia are both types of __________.

B) cortical dementia

68. About 20 percent of older hip fracture patients __________.

B) die within a year of the injury

73. Which statement is true about Alzheimer's disease?

B) At first, recent memory is most impaired, but as serious disorientation sets in, recall of distant events evaporates.

16. __________ affect(s) 25 percent of people in their seventies and 50 percent of those in their eighties.

B) Cataracts

85. __________ is the disorder most often misdiagnosed as dementia.

B) Depression

25. __________ facilitate(s) respiratory functioning in the older years.

B) Exercise

10. Which statement is true about the maximum lifespan of humans?

B) Gains in average life expectancy are largely the result of reducing health risks in the first 20 or 30 years.

51. Which statement is true about sexuality in late adulthood?

B) Most married older adults report continued, regular sexual enjoyment.

39. Which statement is true about stereotypes of aging?

B) Older adults rarely appear in television programs and, when they do, typically play minor roles.

64. Which older adult is more likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes?

B) Rudy, who is African American

42. __________ with age.

B) The number of feared physical selves increases

32. __________ especially decline in height because of a loss of __________.

B) Women; bone mineral content

65. At age 65 and older, the death rate from unintentional injuries is __________.

B) at an all-time high

61. Which statement is true about rheumatoid arthritis?

C) Although it can strike at any age, it increases after age 60.

55. More prevalent among women than men, __________ is the leading cause of dementia.

C) Alzheimer's disease

72. Approximately 5.2 million Americans have __________.

C) Alzheimer's disease

62. __________ is associated with more rapid cognitive declines in older people and an elevated risk of dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease.

C) Diabetes

48. __________ offers some protection against mental disabilities in late adulthood.

C) Eating fish high in omega-3 fatty acids

89. __________ Americans are more likely to use nursing homes than __________ Americans.

C) European; African

29. Which statement is true about sleep apnea?

C) It affects an estimated 45 percent of older adults.

43. Which aging American is at the greatest risk for chronic health conditions?

C) Len, a Native American

33. Which statement is true about physical changes in late adulthood?

C) Muscle strength generally declines at a faster rate than in middle age.

87. Which statement is true about the cost of health care for older adults?

C) Older Americans spend several times as much on health care as their counterparts do in other industrialized nations.

93. Which statement is true about cognitive functioning in late adulthood?

C) Older adults who sustain high levels of cognitive functioning engage in selective optimization with compensation.

19. __________ is/are evident in up to 80 percent of adults after age 80.

C) Reduced sensitivity to taste

99. Which statement is true about memory in late adulthood?

C) When older adults are directed to use elaboration, the young-old difference in memory is greatly reduced.

18. Of all hearing difficulties, the __________ has the greatest impact on life satisfaction.

C) age-related decline in speech perception

26. Francesca's immune system has begun to turn against normal body tissues, which is referred to as __________.

C) an autoimmune response

46. Several large-scale studies indicate that over the past several decades, __________ has occurred in industrialized nations.

C) compression of morbidity

4. As __________, length of life increases.

C) education and income increase

96. Nina travels from the living room to the kitchen intending to get something, but then does not recall what she intended to get. Nina's experience is an example of __________ memory.

C) episodic

1. Ebony, age 88, appears younger than her 77-year-old sister, Desiree. However, Desiree remains active mentally, whereas Ebony finds it difficult to complete familiar tasks. The sisters' actual competence and performance in dealing with life's challenges indicate their __________ age.

C) functional

23. Although touch sensitivity typically diminishes in late adulthood, responsiveness to __________ is an exception.

C) gentle stroking

58. Which of the following is an example of secondary aging?

C) heart disease from smoking cigarettes

67. The risk of __________ fracture increases fifteenfold from age 65 to 85.

C) hip

97. Age differences in __________ memory are much smaller than in __________ memory.

C) implicit; explicit

75. To confirm Alzheimer's disease, doctors __________.

C) inspect the brain after death

100. The reminiscence bump __________.

C) is evident in the autobiographical recall of older adults from diverse cultures

77. Familial Alzheimer's __________.

C) is responsible for 1 percent or fewer cases

40. Ila, who is Inuit, recently became head of her extended family unit. Her status as "one who knows things" is known as __________.

C) isumataq

37. Devices such as smart caps and sensor-activated room lights are __________.

C) not usually covered as essential medical equipment by U.S. medical insurance

14. In longitudinal studies, the __________ tends to show greater shrinkage than the __________.

C) prefrontal cortex; occipital lobe

34. Walt, age 75, says that he feels about 60 years old. Sixty is Walt's __________ age.

C) subjective

8. After age 80, a life expectancy crossover occurs in that __________.

C) surviving African Americans live longer than members of the white majority

83. Mr. Torres had a series of strokes that left areas of dead brain cells, causing step-by-step degeneration of his mental ability. Mr. Torres is experiencing __________.

C) vascular dementia