Chapter 17 apush

closed shop

A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment.

What resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War?

A higher standard of living

Who represented the American notion that through hard work, even a poor immigrant could become tremendously successful?

Andrew Carnegie

How did Gustavus Swift boost productivity in his Chicago slaughterhouses in the 1860?

Assembly lines

Why did the U.S become the leading producer of steel in the world by 1900?

Bessemer process

The development of print advertising illustrates the significance of which late nineteenth- century phenomenon?

Businesses creating demand for brand names.

What late-nineteenth development make it possible for rural Americans to participate in the national consumer culture?

Catalogs

How did the federal government respond to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in the nineteenth century California?

Century California by barring Chinese immigration to the United States

What did the Supreme Court decision to overturn Granger laws in Wabash v. Illinois lead to?

Creation of the interstate commerce commission

What was the Great Strike of 1877 and what was the result?

Ended due to federal government

What magazine was the first to take advantage of advertising revenue to build mass readership with over one million subscribers?

Ladies home journal

What advantages did the introduction of mass production have in the late nineteenth century?

Mass production increased and work output

What characterizes the employment of women in the labor force during the late nineteenth century?

More than 75% of all stenographer and typist were female

Why has the labor movement always been relatively weak in American politics?

Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress.

collective bargaining

Process by which a union representing a group of workers negotiates with management for a contract

What did state Granger laws designed to do?

Regular rising of fare prices or railroad and grain elevator companies after the civil war

What did the Interstate Commerce Commission established in 1887 do?

Regulate railroad industry

What was the outcome of the implementation of scientific management?

Resistance from workers

Which of the following was a consequence of mass production?

Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy.

New immigration patterns in the early twentieth century reflected growing emigration from what parts of the world?

South and east of Europe

How do you describe vertically integrated corporations?

Such cooperation control all aspects of the operations business

Why was the American Federation of Labor more successful than the Knights of Labor in the late nineteenth century?

The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions

Why was the Haymarket incident of 1886 significant?

The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor.

Why was the strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania, significant?

The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union.

What were the experiences of new immigrants who entered the U.S. between 1880 and 1920?

They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home

What did Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus Swift, & John D. Rockefeller have in common?

They succeeded through vertical integration.

Why did Chinese immigrants come to the United States in the nineteenth century?

They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China.

What arguments did Andrew Carnegie make in his famous 1889 essay "Wealth (later called "The Gospel of Wealth")?

Thought industrialization increases the gap between the rich and the poor everyone standard of living rose

How did John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Corporation come to control 95 percent of the nation's oil refining capacity in the 1880s?

Thought predator pricing and the creation of the trust

What was the purpose of the Hatch Act passed by Congress and President Grover Cleveland in 1887?

To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education

yellow dog contract

an agreement some companies forced workers to take that forbade them from joining a union. This was a method used to limit the power of unions, thus hampering their development.

Which business strategy did John D Rockefeller pioneer in the late nineteenth century?

horizontal integration

trade union

organization of workers with the same trade or skill