Chapter 17 - Blood

Why can't a person with type A blood safely receive blood from a person with type B blood?

A person with type A blood will have anti-B antibodies that will agglutinate with type B blood

The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of each of the various types of white blood cells.

differential count

The level of erythropoietin in the blood would rise due to all of the following except

during periods of fasting

White blood cells that are increased in individuals with allergic reactions are the

eosinophils

Red cell production is stimulated by a kidney-derived hormone called

erythropoietin (EPO)

Rouleaux refers to the ability of RBCs to

form stacks

More than 95 percent of the protein in a red blood cell is

hemoglobin

Describe platelets and their origin.

Platelets are cell fragments that develop from megakaryocytes.

Each heme ring in hemoglobin encloses an atom of

iron

Which type of white blood cell would you find in the greatest numbers in an infected cut?

neutrophil

The most abundant component of plasma is

water

All of the following blood diseases are caused by pathogens except

hemophilia

________ are immature erythrocytes that are present in the circulation.

reticulocytes

A condition where pathogens are present and multiplying in the blood is called

septicemia

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin is catalyzed by

thrombin

Each of the following is a characteristic of whole blood except: a built-in system for clotting; the ability to absorb heat from active skeletal muscles; viscosity about the same as water; the ability to neutralize acids; deep red color

viscosity about the same as water

The combination of plasma and formed elements is called

whole blood

The total volume of blood in the body of an adult male is approximately ___ liters

5 to 6

Which of the following statements about blood is false? It is more viscous than water. Normal pH is 6.8 to 7.0. It contains buffers that control pH. It is about 55 percent plasma. None of the statements are false; all are true.

Normal pH is 6.8 to 7

Compare oxyhemoglobin with deoxyhemoglobin.

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has bound oxygen. Deoxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin whose iron has not bound oxygen.

The ________ is a procedure that is used to determine the number of mature erythrocytes.

RBC count

Describe the functional aspects of RBCs.

RBCs have a large surface area-to-volume ratio, exhibit the ability to form stacks, and they are flexible.

When a person who lives at sea level vacations in the Rocky Mountains, you would expect

a drop in oxygen levels, the release of erythropoietin, a rise in hematocrit

In which of the following would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated?

both a person suffering from hemolysis and an alcoholic with a damaged liver

Red blood cell production is regulated by the hormone ________ which is mostly produced in the ________.

erythropoietin; kidneys

Tissue factor (Factor III) is a factor in the ________ pathway.

extrinsic

A plasma protein essential for blood coagulation is

fibrinogen

The yellow color that is visible in the eyes and skin in jaundice results from all of the following except: extensive breakdown of RBCs; hematuria; blockage of bile ducts; excessive amounts of bilirubin in the plasma; destrution of hemoglobin

hematuria

Plasma proteins essential in body defense are the

immunoglobulins

Which specific plasma proteins would you expect to be elevated during an infection?

immunoglobulins

All of the following are true of neutrophils except that they are: active in fighting bacterial infections; round cells with lobed nuclei; phagocytic; important in coagulation; granular leukocytes

important in coagulation

An obstruction in blood flow to the kidneys would ultimately result in

increased erythropoiesis

Pernicious anemia caused by a lack of intrinsic factor is specifically treated by

injections of vitamin B12

Platelet factor (PF-3) is a factor in the ____ pathway.

intrinsic

Which organ secretes most of the plasma proteins?

liver

All of the following are heritable blood disorders except: thalassemia; malaria; hemophilia; sickle cell anemia; sickle cell disease

malaria

All of the following are heritable blood disorders except: thalassemia; malaria; sickle cell anemia; hemophilia; sickle cell disease

malaria

A cancer involving neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils is called a

myeloid leukemia

All of the following blood disorders are due to specific issues with RBCs except: malaria; pernicious anemia; thalassemia; myeloid leukemia; iron deficiency anemia

myeloid leukemia

Identify the two types of leukemia

myeloid leukemia and lymphoid leukemia

During a bacterial infection you would expect to see increased numbers of

neutrophils

The most numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the

neutrophils

Identify the five types of white blood cells.

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

The chief differences between plasma and interstitial fluid involves the concentration of

proteins

The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is initiated by the

release of tissue factor (Factor III) by damaged endothelium

You are caring for a female adult patient who weighs 40 kg (90 lbs). Assuming no loss of blood, what would her approximate blood volume be?

3.8 L

The average lifespan of a red blood cell is

4 months

Formed elements make up about what percentage of blood?

45 percent

Define hemostasis.

Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding

Which of the following vitamins is needed for the formation of clotting factors?

K

Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if

an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive fetus.

After donating 0.5 liter of blood, one would expect

an increased reticulocyte count.

________ involves a cascade of reactions leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin.

coagulation

Hormones called ________ are involved in regulation of white blood cell populations

colony stimulating factor

The common pathway of coagulation begins with the

conversion of Factor X to prothrombin activator

Which of the following descriptions best matches the term colony stimulating factor?

hormone that regulates blood cell formation

Aged and damaged erythrocytes are broken down by macrophages in all of the following places except the: spleen, bone marrow, kidney, liver

kidney

RBCs typically live about 120 days. The main reason for this short lifespan in RBCs is their

lack of nucleus

Which of the following is not a component of plasma?

platelets

An elevated hematocrit value is termed

polycthemia

A person's blood type is determined largely by the

presence of specific glycoproteins on the cell membrane.

The developmental stage at which erythrocytes enter the circulation is as

reticulocytes

The normal pH of blood is

slightly alkaline

Most of the protein factors that are required for clotting are synthesized by

the liver

Sensitization during hemolytic disease of the newborn refers to

the mother's immune system producing antibodies against the fetus' RBCs.

People with type AB blood are considered the "universal recipient" for transfusions because

their blood lacks A or B antibodies

If the blood types of a donor and recipient are compatible, then

there is no reaction between antibodies and antigens

How do basophils respond to tissue damage?

Basophils enter damaged tissue and release a variety of chemicals, including histamine, which promotes inflammation

Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A sera but not with the anti-B or anti-Rh sera. Which of the following is not true? Bill's plasma contains B antibodies; Bill could receive type A- blood in a transfusion; Bill's plasma contains Rh antibodies; Bill could donate blood to an individual with type AB blood; Bill is Rh negative

Bill's plasma contains Rh antibodies.

Which plasma protein is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure of plasma

albumin

The most abundant proteins in blood plasma are

albumins

Which condition would a patient have if she had a depressed hematocrit level?

anemia

________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.

anemia

Each of the following is a way that blood transports materials around the body except: carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues; stored nutrients from the liver to the tissues; nutrients from the digestive tract to the body; hormones from endocrine glands to target cells; wastes from the cells to the kidneys

carbon dioxide from the lungs to the tissues

Platelets function in all of the following except: contracting after a clot formation; initiating the clotting process; dissolving a formed clot; releasing chemicals that stimulate clotting; forming temporary clump in injured areas

dissolving a formed clot.