Chapter 17: Endocrine System

Select the correct word from the list to complete each sentence.

A receptor site on a cell exhibits specificity, meaning it allows only certain hormones to bind. Decreasing the number of receptor sites on a target cell results in desensitization. A hormone can only stimulate a cell that has receptors for that hormone. Due to a target cell's affinity for a specific hormone, a small concentration of hormones is needed to achieve the desired result. Target cells can increase their sensitivity to a hormone through up-regulation.

Classify the following as characteristics of the endocrine system or nervous system.

Endocrine System: Communicates by means of hormones. Reacts more slowly to stimuli. May continue responding long after stimulus stops. Adapts relatively slowly. Nervous System: Communicates by means of electrical pulses. Adapts relatively quickly to continual stimulation.

True or False: Secretory activity of endocrine glands typically increases and normal levels of hormones increase with age.

False

Secretion of insulin causes

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose

The amount of time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration within the blood to one-half of what had been secreted originally is called ___.

half-life

Indicate whether each statement is true or false to test your understanding of the effects of stress on the adrenal gland.

1. An increase in stress causes an increase in ACTH from the anterior pituitary. True 2. The change in ACTH levels in response to stress causes a decrease in glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex. False 3. Glucocorticoids suppress the immune system. True 4. A rise in glucocorticoids can promote insulin resistance. True

Match the hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary with its effect.

1. Growth hormone-Increased growth in tissues. 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone-thyroid hormone secretion 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-glucocorticoid hormone secretion 4. Follicle-stimulating hormone-follicle maturation and estrogen secretion; stimulates sperm production in males 5. Prolactin-milk production in lactating women 6. Luteinizing hormone-ovulation and progesterone production; stimulates testosterone production in males.

Match the corticosteroid hormone with its most common origin in the adrenal cortex.

1. Mineral Corticoids-Zona Glomerulosa 2. Glucocorticoids- Zona Fasciculata 3. Sex Steroids-Zona Reticularis

Polypeptide hormones, such as FSH and TSH, and biogenic amine hormones, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, are all considered ____________ hormones.

Protein

Complete each sentence by dragging the proper word or phrase into the corresponding blank. Then place the completed sentences in the correct order of events. Not all terms will be used.

Referred to as the neurohypophysis, the posterior pituitary releases antidiuretic hormone into the bloodstream. Circulating through the body, antidiuretic hormone arrives at the target cells of the kidney. Causing an increased reabsorption of water from the kidney nephron, blood volume is maintained.

Indicate whether each effect or symptom is associated with acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term) stress.

Stage of Resistance- Sodium Retention Increased blood pressure due to increased blood volume ADH effects CRH & ACTH dominance Alarm Reaction- Increased blood pressure due to vasoconstriction Aldosterone levels rise Angiotensin levels rise Redistribution of blood to working muscles.

True or False: The process that influences hormone concentration by the rate of synthesis and release is called hormone synthesis.

True

___ hormones are not attached to a carrier protein and are able to exit the blood and bind to cellular receptors.

Unbound (free)

Match the description of the hormone interaction with the correct term.

1. Two or more hormones work together to produce a result.-Synergistic effect 2. A hormone enhances an organ's response to a second hormone, or increases the activity of the second hormone.-Permissive effect 3. One hormone inhibits the secretion and action of another hormone, or has an opposite effect.-Antagonistic effect

Match the following hypothalamic releasing hormones with the hormone released from the anterior pituitary.

1.Corticotropin-releasing hormone-ACTH 2.Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-FSH and LH 3.Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-TSH 4.Growth hormone-releasing hormone-GH

Osmolarity detecting cells located in nuclei of the ___ become stimulated by an increasing blood solute concentration. Action potentials are then generated in the ___ at the inferior edge of the hypothalamus. These action potentials travel down the length of the axons of the ___ to their destination at the posterior pituitary.

Hypothalamus Supraoptic nucleus hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

The hypothalamus controls the ___ pituitary gland through hormonal regulation, while it controls the pituitary through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

anterior posterior

Local hormones are a large group of signaling molecules of which the primary type are called ___.

eicosanoids

Hormone ___ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells.

elimination

Due to age, decreases in GH and ___ cause loss of weight, body mass, and other hormonal changes related to loss of sex hormones.

estrogen/testosterone