Chapter 17: Progressive Era Chapter 18 America Claims America

1904 Roosevelt Corollary Added to Monroe Doctrine

President Theodore Roosevelt's assertive approach to Latin America and the Caribbean has often been characterized as the "Big Stick," and his policy came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

Roosevelt Corollary

Proclaimed by Roosevelt in an address to Congress in 1904, he stated that the US would force to protect its economic interests in Latin America.

Progressive Party and Roosevelt What was their candidate's position on big business?

Progressives and Roosevelt supported government's role to supervise big business but were NOT anti-monopoly.

Enrique Dupuy

Published de lome letter

Open Door Notes

Published letters between John Hay and various diplomats in which Hay makes his case for greater trade between the US and China.

William Seward

Secretary of State for both Lincoln and Johnson, this diplomat negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million.

John Hay

Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy and Panama canal US Secretary of State who pushed for an "Open Door" policy, greater trade access, with China.

What did the Elkins and Hepburn Acts under Roosevelt do?

They set limits on the railroad monopoly in order to prevent corruption and bribery w business partners (set max rates, couldn't give out free tickets, have to tell public before raising rate)

1902 Coal Strike

United Mine Workers demanded 20 percent wage increase, a reductive in daily working hours from ten to nine, and formal management recognition in their union; mines shut down in an effort to starve out the miners; Roosevelt's conference ended in an impasse, he threatened to take over the mines and and run them with the army; ended in October with an agreement to submit the issues to an arbitration commission named by the president; enhanced the prestige of Roosevelt and the nation's leaders, but only partial victories for the miners; won 9 hour work day and only 10% increase wages

National Reclamation Act of 1902 (Newlands Act) Under Roosevelt

$ from selling land in the West funded nationwide irrigation (Roosevelt Dam and Shoshone Dam)

Theadore Roosevelt

-nauseated by Sinclair's account. Invited Sinclair to the white house and promised "the specific evils you point out shall, if their existence if proved, and if i have the power, be eradicated". -He didn't like the monopolies, trust, abuses in the meatpacking industry and chopping down too many trees. He created the Food & Drug Act, Meatpacking Act, Square deal.

Underwood Tariff (Wilson)

-reduced tariff rates: 1st major time since Civil War -helped to limit the power of Big Businesses, and help commoners

Woodrow Wilson

-reform governor of New Jersey. -28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Scientific Management

-the application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace. -a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operations and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it

What three strategies were adopted by the suffragists to win the vote?

1) Convince State Legislatures 2) Against 14th amendment in court 3) Create and Amendment (eventual 19th amendment)

How did Wilson retreat on Civil Rights?

1) Opposed Federal Anti-lynching legislation. 2) Appointed Southern Segregation Supporters to his cabinet. 3) Allowed segregation of federal offices (a step backwards)

Which three new developments finally brought the success of the woman suffrage movement within reach?

1. Increased activism of local and grass roots groups. 2.The use of new strategies and leadership to build support. (Peaceful picketing for 24 hours in front of White House.) 3.Regeneration of National movement under Carrie Chapman Catt. (also fact that entrance into WW1 was inevitable, and women stepped up)

Result of Spanish American War

1. Treaty of Paris 2. Us owned Guam, Puerto Rico and bought Philipines

Causes of Spanish American War

1. Yellow Journalism 2. Explosion of USS Maine 3. De Lome letter

Hawaii Annexing

1849-1994 US Sugar Cane

NACW

1896, African-American women created this group; founded in 1896 to improve living and working conditions for African-American women

Alaska Annexing

1959- US wanted Alaska to expand. Found oil, timer, gold.

Rough Riders

A cavalry unit led by Theodore Roosevelt that was sent to Cuba during the Spanish-American War. The unit was effective in helping the US win the Battle of San Juan Hill.

Protectorate

A country whose affairs are partly controlled by another. Cuba was a protectorate of the US.

1898 USS Maine Explosion

February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, killing 268 men and shocking the American populace. Of the two-thirds of the crew who perished, only 200 bodies were recovered and 76 identified. The sinking of the Maine, which had been in Havana since February 15, 1898, on an official observation visit, was a climax in pre-war tension between the United States and Spain. In the American press, headlines proclaimed "Spanish Treachery!" and "Destruction of the War Ship Maine Was the Work of an Enemy!" William Randolph Hearst and his New York Journal offered a $50,000 award for the "detection of the Perpetrator of the Maine Outrage." Many Americans assumed the Spanish were responsible for the Maine's destruction.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Filipino rebel leader who organized a rebellion against the US when it became clear the US would not allow the Philippines to become an independent country.

Republican Party and Taft What was their candidate's position on big business?

Favored business but wanted to break up trusts.

Nineteenth Amendment

granted women the right to vote, adopted in 1920.

Progressives Opposed Taft bc...

he signed and defended the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, opposed conservation, and supported Speaker of the House Joe Cannon. Cannon weakened or ignored progressive bills and the rules of seniority.

Muckraker

-journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of businesses and public life in mass circulation magazines during the early twentieth century. -A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Federal Trade Commission

- gov't body regulating big businesses. It investigated possible violations of antitrust laws, shut down illegal companies

16th Amendment (Wilson)

-legal federal income tax (like a stepladder: more you make, more gets taxed) -federal gov't main source of $ (raked a lot more in than tariffs of the past)

NAWSA

-national american women suffrage association. -it was founded in 1890 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Supported the Wilson administration during World War I and split with the more radical National Woman's Party, who in 1917 began to picket the White House because Wilson had not forcefully stated that women should get the vote

William Howard Taft

-Roosevelt picked him for his secretary of war, to run against William Jennings Bryan who had been nominated by the democrats for the third time. Slogan "vote for _____ this time, you can vote for Bryan any time". -he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, he fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Carrie Chapman Catt

-She expressed her optimism in a letter to her friend Maud Wood Park. -Spoke powerfully in favor of suffrage, worked as a school principal and a reporter -became head of the National American Woman Suffrage, an inspired speaker and a brilliant organizer. Devised a detailed battle plan for fighting the war of suffrage.

Square Deal

-The philosophy of President Theodore Roosevelt; included in this was the desire to treat both sides fairly in any dispute. In the coal miner's strike of 1902 he treated the United Mine Workers representatives and company bosses as equals; this approach continued during his efforts to regulate the railroads and other businesses during his second term.

Pure Food & Drug Act

-a law enacted in 1906, to halt the sale of contaminated foods and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling. -The act that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or shipment of impure of falsely labeled food & drugs.

Susan B. Anthony

-a leading proponent of women suffrage. "I would sooner cut off my right hand than ask the ballot for the black man and not for women." -social reformer who campaigned for women's rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association

Bull Moose Party

-a name given to the progressive party, formed to support Theodore Roosevelt's candidacy for the presidency in 1912 Wanted: tariff reduction, women's suffrage, higher corporate regulation and a child labor ban, a federal compensation for workers, direct election of senators, and the initiative referendum recall process in every state

The Jungle

-a novel by Upton Sinclair, published in 1906, that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevelant in the meat packing industry of that time. -The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Progressive Movement

-aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in american life. -Formed by Midwestern Farmers, Socialists, and Labor Organizers -attacked monopolies, and wanted other reforms, such as bimetallism, transportation regulation, the 8-hour work day, and income tax-

Upton Sinclair

-began research for a novel in 1904, his focus was the human conditions in the stock-yards of Chicago. He intended to reveal "the breaking of human hearts by a system [that] exploits the labor of men and women for profits" -muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on fact

Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

-certain monopolies=illegal -now legal to go on strike/peaceful protest -can form labor unions -under Wilson

Gifford Pinchot

-head of the U.S. forest service under President Roosevelt. -believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them

Foraker Act

Act of Congress that ended military rule in Puerto Rico.

Alfred T Mahan

Admiral of the US Navy who wrote "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History." He urged the US to build a strong navy, construct the Panama Canal, and acquire naval bases overseas.

1905 The Jungle is published

Although the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 was essentially passive (it asked that Europeans not increase their influence or recolonize any part of the Western Hemisphere), by the 20th century a more confident United States was willing to take on the role of regional policeman. In the early 1900s Roosevelt grew concerned that a crisis between Venezuela and its creditors could spark an invasion of that nation by European powers. The Roosevelt Corollary of December 1904 stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, and did not violate the rights of the United States or invite "foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations." As the corollary worked out in practice, the United States increasingly used military force to restore internal stability to nations in the region. Roosevelt declared that the United States might "exercise international police power in 'flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence.'" Over the long term the corollary had little to do with relations between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, but it did serve as justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.

George Dewey

American commodore who commanded naval forces in the Battle of Manila Bay on April 30, 1898. His actions allowed the US to take the Philippines from Spain.

Pearl Harbor

American naval base in Hawaii. The Americans leased the port from the Hawaiian monarchy before the islands were annexed by the US.

1896 NACW created

American organization formed at a convention in Washington, D.C., as the product of the merger in 1896 of the National Federation of Afro-American Women and the National League of Colored Women—organizations that had arisen out of the African American women's club movement. Its founders included Harriet Tubman, Frances E.W. Harper, Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, and Mary Church Terrell, who became the organization's first president.

1890 NAWSA started

American organization, founded in 1869 and based in New York City, that was created by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton when the women's rights movement split into two groups over the issue of suffrage for African American men. Considered the more radical of the two, the NWSA gave priority to securing women the right to vote, and the group often stirred public debate through its reform proposals on a number of social issues, including marriage and divorce. Having invited all woman suffrage societies in the United States to become auxiliaries of the NWSA, the group had increased its ranks considerably by the time it reunited with its sister organization, the American Woman Suffrage Association, in 1890.

Panama Canal

Artificial waterway that connected the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans that opened in 1914.

Socialist Party and Eugene Debs What was their candidate's position on big business?

Big Business was EVIL. Do away with capitalism and redistribute wealth. Government runs all utilities, etc.

Battle San Juan Hill

Battle in Cuba between American and Spanish forces on July 1, 1898. The Rough Riders, led by Roosevelt, were key in helping the Americans win. The victory brought the US closer to controlling Santiago, the Spanish naval base.

USS Maine

Battleship sent to Havana to protect Americans during Cuba's war for independence. The ship blew up killing 260 sailors on February 15, 1898. The newspapers, with no evidence, blamed Spain. The incident caused the US to declare war on Spain.

John J Pershing

Brigadier general who led an expeditionary force along the Mexican border. His aims were to prevent Villa from crossing the border to attack American towns.

Federal Reserve System

Central banking system w standard modern currency, 12 district banks in major cities connected through one system (1913)

Boxer Rebellion

Chinese uprising in 1900 against foreign domination of China's economy and politics. They seized control of cities, killed many westerners and wished to expel all foreigners. It was put down by an international military for of British, French, German, Japanese, and American soldiers.

Jose Marti

Cuban poet and journalist who organized a campaign for Cuban independence from Spain. Guerrilla attack.

Treaty of Paris

Document that brought the Spanish-American War to an end. The US received Guam and Puerto Rico from Spain. Cuba was declared independent. Spain agreed to sell The Philippines to the US for $20 million.

How many candidates were there for President in the 1912 election?

Four parties run candidates in the 1912 election. Progressive Party: Theodore Roosevelt Republican Party: William Howard Taft Democratic Party:Woodrow Wilson Socialist Party: Eugene Debs.

Women's Christian Temperance Movement

Frances Willard: leader (1879) huge/influential women's group labor laws, prison reform and suffrage.

Gifford Pinchot: Why is he an important figure in U.S. History?

Head of U.S. Forest Service under Teddy Roosevelt. He believed in preserving U.S. wilderness areas balanced with some private development. (Pinchot's multi-use land program.)

Sanford B Dole

Hawaiian descended from Americans who aided in the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy and headed the republican government that replaced it.

What happened to the Republican Party in 1912?

IT SPLIT. Taft's cautious nature made it impossible for him to hold together the two wings of the party: Progressives and Conservatives. The Progressives wanted change, and the Conservatives favored big business and the status quo or things staying the same.

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Queen Liliuokalani

Last monarch of Hawaii. She abdicated the throne to avoid a violent clash between Americans supporting annexation and Hawaiians supporting the monarchy.

Emiliano Zapata

Mexian rebel who campaigned for land reform in order to help improve the lives of peasants.

Franciso Panhco Villa

Mexican rebel who fought, at first, against the Carranza government, then the US for supporting Carranza.

NAACP

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, -founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination, to oppose racism and to gain civil rights for African Americans, got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Did Taft use the bully pulpit?

No, he was a more passive president. He didn't use his presidential power to speak out against issues

1893 Queen Liliuokalani overthrown

On Jan. 17, 1893, Hawaii's monarchy was overthrown when a group of businessmen and sugar planters forced Queen Liliuokalani to abdicate. The coup led to the dissolving of the Kingdom of Hawaii two years later, its annexation as a U.S. territory and eventual admission as the 50th state in the union.Jan 17, 2012

How did the election of 1912 go for Wilson (besides the obvious fact that he won!)

Only got 42% of popular vote, got OVERWHELMING ELECTORAL MAJORITY

Platt Amendment

Part of the Cuban Constitution that states 1) Cuba cannot make treaties with foreign governments, 2) The US may intervene in Cuban affairs, 3) Cuba cannot take on too much debt, 4) Cuba must allow the US to lease naval bases.

1902 Coal Strike

Roosevelt created a third party commission to mediate btwn workers and owners! Set public precedent: when a strike threatened well being of the country, was the President's job to get involved!!

Veleriano Weyler

Spanish general sent to Cuba to crush the rebellion. He rounded up the rural population and placed them in camps to prevent aide from reaching the rebels. This led to massive starvation in the country. His tactics were widely reported and exaggerated by American newspapers.

Democrats and Woodrow Wilson What was their candidate's position on big business?

Supported small business and free market competition.

What was Woodrow Wilson's platform/slogan?

The "New Freedom"

Yellow Journalism

The exaggeration of stories to sell newspapers. William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer employed this tactic while reporting on the Cuba's war for independence.

Dollar Diplomacy

The guaranteeing of loans by the US to foreign governments to prevent European powers from influencing Latin American countries.

1912 Seventeenth Amendment passed by Congress

The seventeenth amendment provided for the direct election of Senators. ... Reform finally came in 1913 when the necessary three-fourths of the states ratified the seventeenth amendment.

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

The statute for the first time regulated food and drugs that moved in interstate commerce and forbade the manufacture, sale or transportation of poisonous patent medicines. It arose, with strong White House support, in the wake of exposés by such muckrakers as Upton Sinclair and Samuel Hopkins Adams.

Three ideas that fueled American imperialism

Three ideas that fueled American imperialism

1906 Meat Inspection Act

U.S. legislation, signed by Pres. Theodore Roosevelt on June 30, 1906, that prohibited the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock and derived products as food and ensured that livestock were slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.

1869 NWSA founded

Women were granted suffrage from 1869 (Wyoming) to 1914 (Nevada). On May 15, 1869, the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) was founded. The first president of the organization was Susan B. Anthony.

"The Influence of Sea Power Upon History"

Written by Alfred T Mahan, the book documents the rise of empires thanks to powerful navies. The book inspired Americans to modernize and expand its own navy.

Initiative

a procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by law makers.

Referendum

a procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people

Recall

a procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

a set of tax regulations, elected by congress in 1909, that failed to significantly reduce tariffs on manufactured goods.

Wilson's "New Freedom": ideals

anti-trust, bank reform, lower tariffs. Supported small businesses. Keep government interaction (how Roosevelt personally mediated in Coal Strike and Suits) in the economy limited. Instead, change the actual market regulations/rules to target businesses.

Florence Kelly

became an advocate for improving the lives of women and children. -Active in the settlement house movement -

Conservatives Support Taft

because they opposed Progressivism, Roosevelt, and low tariffs. They favored big business.

Meat Inspection Act

dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created the program of federal meat inspection that was in use untill it was released by more sophisticated techniques in the 1990's.

1909 NAACP established

interracial American organization created to work for the abolition of segregation and discrimination in housing, education, employment, voting, and transportation; to oppose racism; and to ensure African Americans their constitutional rights. The NAACP was created in 1909 by an interracial group consisting of W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida Bell Wells-Barnett, Mary White Ovington, and others concerned with the challenges facing African Americans, especially in the wake of the 1908 Springfield (Illinois) Race Riot. Some of the founding members had been associated with the Niagara Movement, a civil rights group led by Du Bois. Many of the NAACP's actions have focused on national issues; for example, the group helped persuade President Woodrow Wilson to denounce lynching in 1918.

Robert M. Lafolette

led the way to the regulating big business. Progressive governor from Wisconsin -direct primary elections, public utilities

Seventeenth amendment

provides for the election of US Senators by the people rather than by state.

Prohibition

the banning of alcoholic beverages.

Conservation

the planned management of natural resources, involving the protection of some wilderness areas and the development of others for the common good.

Suffrage

the right to vote.