Chapter 18, 19, 20 Vocabulary

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom. 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom., the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes -leader in settlement house movement (Hull House)

W.E.B. Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 African American progressive who rejected the previous ideology of Booker T. Washington (who said that self-improvement/education comes first, and then whites will learn to accept blacks on their own); this man argued that blacks need political rights in order to make any economic gains and he created the NAACP to make changes

National Trade Union League

Established in Boston, Mass., in 1903, at the convention of the American Federation of Labor. Its purpose was to promote the economic betterment of women through trade union membership. Trained working class workers and advocated better working conditions and wages - 1903 affected well off working women. Supported labor women's unions, opposed sweatshops. Supported strikes like the triangle shirtwaist factory.

Booker T Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

Talented Tenth

was a term coined by W. E. B. Du Bois to describe the small percentage of educated and upper middle class Negroes who were high achievers in the face of racial prejudice. The Harlem Renaissance, 1917-1936, is considered to have been a manifestation of the power of this small group to impact the entire community. What was the idea supported by DuBois that stated that, even though vocational education was a good way to educate most African Americans, ten percent of them should get a good education and become leaders?

W.C.T.U.

Founded in 1874. Women's Christian Temperance Union and their campaign of "Protection of the Home" successfully advocated for the banning of alcohol in the 18th amendment. This organization under the leadership of Francis Willard also advocates successfully for suffrage and the passage of the 19th amendment. Still in existence, current focus is on educating teachers in tobacco and alcohol use prevention education One of the more progressive organizations, they were involved in progressive reforms such as temperacne, womens suffrage, limiting child labor, school reform, stiffer penalties for sexual crimes, and many other movements

Niagara Movement

(1905) W.E.B. Du Bois and other young activists, who did not believe in accommodation, came together at Niagara Falls in 1905 to demand full black equality. Demanded that African Americans get right to vote in states where it had been taken away, segregation be abolished, and many discriminatory barriers be removed. Declared commitment for freedom of speech, brotherhood of all peoples, and respect for workingman in 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights.

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906. Anti-modernist Protestant movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible; the name came from The Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders. Anti-modernist Protest movement started in the early twentieth century that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible, the name came from the Fundamentals, published by conservative leaders.

Pragmatism

A distinctive American philosophy that emerged in the late nineteenth century around the theory that the true value of an idea lay in its ability to solve problems. The pragmatists thus embraced the provisional, uncertain nature of experimental knowledge. Among the most well-known purveyors of pragmatism were John Dewey, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and William James. A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations

Social Gospel

A movement in the late 1800s / early 1900s which emphasized charity and social responsibility as a means of salvation, taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization A moral reform movement of the late nineteenth century led by Protestant clergymen, who drew attention to urban problems and advocated social justice for the poor

Tuskegee Institute

A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in Tuskegee, Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accomodationist". Booker T. Washington built this school to educate black students on learning how to support themselves (technical training, not higher education)

Political Machine

A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity An informal political group that was designed to gain and keep power. It came about partly because cities had grown much faster than their governments. A vote-gathering organization of politicians who loyally support a party boss and get the votes in their neighborhoods to support their party's candidates by fulfilling needs and providing services to constituents.

Social Darwinism

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background. The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. Although rejected by biologists, this theory from the 1870s is often associated with Herbert Spencer and is said to have justified the competition of laissez-faire capitalism, the new racial superiority ideas, and imperialist policies.

Ida Wells

African-American journalist and editor who led a campaign against lynching and was an activist for civil rights and women's rights during her lifetime. She's even had a postage stamp issued in her honor. African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores The lynching of blacks outraged her, an african american journalist. In her newspaper, Free Speech, she urged african americans to protest the lynchings. She called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. She spoke out despite threats to her life.

Florence Kelley

An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. (Social Welfare). She was appointed chief inspector of factories in Illinois. She helped win passage of the Illinois factory act in 1893 which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours. 1893 helped persuade Illinois to prohibit child labor and limit the number of hours women worked; helped found the National Child Labor Committee A lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. Served as a general secretary of the National Consumers League. Led the women of Hull House into a successful lobby in 1893 for an Illinois antisweatshop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. A leader in women's activism and social reform.

Atlanta Compromise

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement. Major speech on race-relations given by Booker T. Washington addressing black labor opportunities, and the peril of whites ignoring black injustice 1895 speech by Booker T. Washington to the Cotton States and International Exposition; given its derisive name by W. E. B. Du Bois, who criticized Washington for encouraging blacks to accommodate segregation and disenfranchisement for economic opportunities.

Ash Can School

Artists which focused on portraying the daily life of Americans, often at the poorer level., Group of American artists active from 1908 to 1918. It included members of The Eight such as Henri and Davies; Hopper was also part of the Ash Can group. Their work featured scenes of urban realism. Works from this school include Snow in New York and boxing scenes from the Stag at Sharkey's. This school had members like Robert Henri, George Wesley Bellows, and John Sloan. A member of this group created the text The Art Spirit and another painted Strong Man, Clown, and Dancer. Members included Everett Shinn and William Glackens and George Luks, members of The Eight.

Settlement House Movement

Creation of places that offered social services to urban poor - often food, shelter, and basic higher education - Hull House was most famous Social movement designed to get the rich and poor in society to live more closely together. Settlement houses were located in poorer neighborhoods and staffed by middle class workers who hoped to share their knowledge and alleviate poverty Starting in England, they were houses which connected the students of universities with their neighbors in slum cities. These houses helped education, savings, sports, and arts for people.

Mary White Ovington

The founder of the NAACP, she was a white social worker who supported people in black neighborhoods and wanted to help give equal rights to blacks. She started the NAACP in a national conference to answer the "Negro Question" and decide what should be done. A white social worker who helped organize a national conference that marked the founding of the NAACP. The founder of the NAACP in 1909, but she almost single-handedly pulled in and kept together the radicals, the socialists, the journalists, the writers, the newspaper owners, the Blacks and the Whites, the Jews and Unitarians into the 20th century cause of justice, freedom, and sanctuary from lynching of Black Americans.

Gibson Girl

The idealized American girl of the 1890s as pictured by a magazine image that showed that woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by Charles Dana Gibson. Became a popular icon of the new women. She was shown relishering her freedom by being active (biking, playing tennis, or playing golf) magazine image that showed the new image that meant woman could make it big and did have buying power, created by charles dana gibson

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal The existence of two schools on opposite sides of town-one for Caucasian students and the other for African American students-would have been deemed constitutional after the Supreme Court's ruling in which of the following cases? The 1896 supreme court case that established the controversial " separate but equal" doctrine by which segregation became legal as long as the facilities proved to blacks were equivalent to those provided for whites.

Rose Schneiderman

a Women's Trade Union League organizer who argued that only a strong working-class movement could bring real change to the workplace Was a prominent United States labor union leader, socialist, and feminist of the first part of the twentieth century. Unsafe working conditions; New Deal:(aimed towards working women/families); National Labor Relations Act: (protect rights of employees & employers; encourage collective bargaining, & to reduce certain private sector labor and management practices, which can harm the general welfare of workers, businesses & U.S. economy; WTUL - became president

William M Tweed

a disgraced American politician who was convicted for stealing millions of dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption and died in jail. Tweed was head of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York. a New York City commissioner, headed Tammany Hall, the city's powerful Democratic party machine. He was eventually tried, convicted, and jailed for fraud.

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

a fire in New York's Triangle Shirtwaist Company in 1911 killed 146 people, mostly women. They died because the doors were locked and the windows were too high for them to get to the ground. Dramatized the poor working conditions and let to federal regulations to protect workers. 1911 death of 145 people (mostly young immigrant girls) burned to death, crushed to death by leaping out of windows etc. Resulted in stronger building codes.

Tammany Hall

a political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism A political machine headed by William Marcy Tweed. It used graft, bribery, and rigged elections to bilk the city of over $200 million. Some of this money went to create public jobs that helped people and the local economy. Some went into constructing public buildings at hugely inflated expense. Contractors and suppliers, and anyone else doing business in the city, had to give kickbacks to the bosses in order to stay in business. Many machine bosses, including Boss Tweed, amassed fortunes as a result of kickbacks and bribes. In 1871, the New York Times published sufficient evidence of misuse of public funds to eventually convict Boss Tweed.

Muchrakers

crusading journalists, photographers, reporters, artists, and speakers (exposed problems about rich people cheating on how they got there money or bad business) early twentieth-century journalists who exposed illegal business practices, social injustices, and corrupt urban and political bosses a term for progressive investigative journalists who exposed the seamy side of American life at the turn of the 20th century by "raking up muck"