Chapter 18 & 19 Review

Berlin Airlift*

A 327-day operation in which US and British planes flew food and supplies into West Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city in 1948.

Francis Gary Powers

A U-2 pilot who flew over the Soviet Union one last time and was shot down and forced to parachute into their territory. He was sentenced by the Soviets to 10 years in prison.

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)*

A US agency created to gather secret information about foreign governments.

Eisenhower Doctrine*

A US commitment to defend the Middle East against attack by any communist country, announced by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1957.

Truman Doctrine*

A US policy, announced by President Harry S Truman in 1947, of providing economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents.

Franchise

A business that has bought the right to use a parent company's name and methods, thus becoming one of a number of similar businesses in various locations.

Hot Line*

A communication link established in 1963 to allow the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union to contact each other in times of crisis.

Berlin Wall*

A concrete wall that separated East Berlin and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989, built by the Communist East German government to prevent its citizens from fleeing to the west.

House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)*

A congressional committee that investigated Communist influence inside and outside the US government in the years following World War II.

Satellite Nations

A country that is dominated politically and economically by another nation.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)*

A defensive military alliance formed in 1949 by ten Western European countries, the United States, and Canada.

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)*

A doctrine of military strategy and national security policy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two or more opposing sides would cause the complete annihilation of both the attacker and the defender. If Soviets nuke us, we nuke them.

Alger Hiss

A former Communist spy named Whittaker Chambers accused Alger Hiss of spying for the Soviet Union.

Blacklist*

A list of about 500 actors, writers, producers, and directors who were not allowed to work on Hollywood films because of their alleged Communist connections.

Conglomerate

A major corporation that owns a number of smaller companies in unrelated businesses.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European Satellites.

GI Bill of Rights*

A name given to the Servicemen's Readjustment Act, a 1944 law that provided financial and educational benefits for World War II veterans.

Iron Curtain

A phrase used by Winston Churchhill in 1946 to describe an imaginary line that separated communist countries in the Soviet bloc of eastern Europe from countries in Western Europe.

United Nations (UN)*

An international peacekeeping organization to which most nations in the world belong, founded in 1945 to promote world peace, security, and economic development.

38th Parallel*

As World War II ended, Japanese troops north of the 38th parallel (38 degrees North latitude) surrendered to the Soviets. Troops south of the parallel surrendered to the Americans.

Berlin Blockade*

Berlin was cut in half when we defeated Germany. We occupied the land we took (West Berlin). The Communists (Soviet Union) took over East Berlin. We gave the West jobs. The East was starving, so we flew over and brought food and other things they needed.

Strategic Air Command (SAC)*

Bombers were in the air at all times with nuclear bombs. They were ready to use them if they had to on the Soviet Union. They could fly over Moscow.

Cuban Missile Crisis*

Castro's ally, Nikita Khrushchev, promised to defend Cuba with Soviet arms. Weapons including nuclear missiles, in Cuba increased greatly in 1962. President Kennedy warned that the US wouldn't tolerate nuclear weapons. On October 14, US planes took photos of Soviet missile bases in Cuba with some ready to launch. Any attack from Cuba would trigger an all out attack on the Soviet Union.

Dr. Jonas Salk

Developed a vaccine for the crippling disease poliomyelitis-polio.

Interstate Highway System*

Eisenhower signed this act in 1956 that authorized the building of a nationwide highway network-41,000 miles of expressways. This encouraged the development of new suburbs farther from the cities.

John Foster Dulles

Eisenhower's Secretary of State, anti-communist, proposed that the US could prevent the spread of communism by promising to use all of its force, including nuclear weapons, against any aggressor nation.

Levittown*

Entrepreneur Abraham Levitt and his sons started a planned community in Nassau County, Long Island. They transformed the former farmland into a suburban community that housed thousands of men—many were veterans who returned from WWII with their families.

Red Scare*

Fear of Communism. People thought the "Reds" were taking over.

Nikita Khrushchev

Gained power in the Soviet Union after Stalin died in 1953. He believed that communism would take over the world, but he thought it could triumph peacefully. He favored a policy of peaceful coexistence in which two powers would compete economically and scientifically.

MacArthur vs. Truman*

General MacArthur wanted to have a full scale war against China. Truman did not. MacArthur tried to go against the president and failed. Truman fired him. 69% of people supported MacArthur and were outraged when he was fired.

Loyalty Review Board*

Investigate government employees and to dismiss those who were found to be disloyal to the US government. They would blacklist you if they thought you were a communist. People thought this violated their constitutional rights. Individuals under investigation were not allowed to see the evidence against them.

Death of Kennedy*

Kennedy and his wife drove through Dallas Texas in an open-air limousine with the governor. They were there to mend political fences with members of the Democratic Party. He was shot in the head while in the car and sent to the hospital, but it was too late. He was dead. Police charged Lee Harvey Oswald with the murder. They were unsure of why he killed him.

Mao Zedong*

Led the Communists in northern China. Relied on financial aid from the Soviet Union. Attracted peasants with promises of land reform. Benefited from experienced guerrilla army and highly motivated leadership.

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg*

Minor activists in the American Communist Party. They were found guilty of espionage and were sentenced to death.

Sputnik*

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite. It's launch was a triumph of Soviet technology.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

President

United Nations in Korea*

South Korea called on the United Nations to stop the North Korean invasion.

Soviet Atomic Bomb*

Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in 1949. After, the US entered a deadly race with the Soviet Union to produce an H-Bomb, which was more powerful and destructive than the Soviet's first bomb.

Entertainment in the 50s*

Televisions were new, people started becoming famous, especially musicians, before people never saw what they looked like. Rock 'N' Roll was popular - mostly produced by African Americans, Freed made music that was rhythm, blues, country, and pop. It was music for both Blacks and Whites-it was American. This helped bring races together.

Hollywood Ten

Ten witnesses from the film industry who refused to cooperate with the HUAC's investigation of Communist influence in Hollywood.

Battle of Inchon*

The Battle of Inchon was an invasion and battle of the Korean War that resulted in a decisive victory and strategic reversal in favor of the United Nations. Also led to the recapture of South Korea's capital, Seoul.

Bay of Pigs*

The Bay of Pigs (Bahia de Cochinos) invasion was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group. Eisenhower thought it would help overthrow Castro.

Kennedy's & Camelot*

The Kennedy White House reminded many of a modern-day Camelot, the mythical court of King Arthur. Kennedy was a "war hero". He was young, attractive, and famous. He appealed to younger people (Women), had a positive outlook on America. Their family was wealthy and like royalty. Jackie Kennedy was a cool First Lady, people dressed like her and she spoke multiple languages.

The Space Race*

The Space Race was the 20th-century competition between the Soviet Union and the United States, for supremacy in spaceflight capability. The Soviet Union beat the US, but the US later launched their first successful satellite on January 31, 1958.

UN Security Council*

The UN's most powerful body, with primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. During the Korean War, there was a vote and the Soviet Union wasn't there. The Soviets boycotted the council in protest over the presence of Nationalist China (Taiwan). The Soviets couldn't veto the UN's plan of military action. The vote passed.

McCarthyism

The attacks, often unsubstantiated, by Senator Joseph McCarthy and others on people suspected of being Communists in the early 1950s.

Containment

The blocking of another nation's attempts to spread its influence - especially the efforts of the United States to block the spread of Soviet influence during the late 1940s and early 1950s.

Nuremberg Trials*

The court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for war crimes.

U-2 Incident*

The downing of a US spy plane and capture of its pilot by the Soviet Union in 1960.

H-Bomb

The hydrogen bomb - a thermonuclear weapon much more powerful than the atomic bomb.

Joseph McCarthy*

The most famous anti-Communist activist. Senator. Republican from Wisconsin. Known for being an ineffective legislator.

Brinkmanship*

The practice of threatening an enemy with massive military retaliation for any aggression. On the edge of war.

Marshall Plan

The program, proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, under which the United States supplied economic aid to European nations to help them rebuild after World War II.

Baby Boom*

The sharp increase in the US birthrate following World War II.

Cold War*

The state of hostility, without direct military conflict, that developed between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II.

"Duck and Cover"*

Video we watched. It showed people what to do if their was an atomic bomb. When they see the flash of the bomb, they were supposed to duck and cover.

"White Flight"*

White flight refers to the residential movement of whites to avoid self-determined, unacceptable levels of racial integration. People left the cities if they had enough money.