Chapter 18 & 21

What is the ductus deferens, epididymis, ejaculatory duct and the urethra? [pg 464 + 465] .

A Ductus deferens also known as a vas deferens is the tube that permits sperm to exit from the epididymis and pass from the scrotal sac upward into the abdominal cavity. The Epididymis consists of a single and very tightly coiled tube about 6 meters (20 feet) in length. It is a comma-shaped structure that lies along the top and behind the testes inside the scrotum. As they a temporarily stored in this structure sperm mature and develop their ability to move or swim. Specialized cells lining the epididymis secrete nutrients for developing sperm and also remove substantial amounts of excess testicular fluids. The ejaculatory duct is about two centimeters in length and is created when the seminal vesicle's duct merges with the vas deferens. The ejaculatory duct passes through the substance of the prostate gland and permits sperm to empty into the Urethra, which eventually passes through the penis and opens to the exterior at the external urinary meatus

Tell me about the corpus luteum [pg 468 ]

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is transformed into a hormone-secreting glandular structure called the corpus luteum. The corpus luteum stops secreting progesterone and decreases its secretion of estrogen about 11 days after ovulation.

Tell me about aldosterone and how it works in the urinary system [pg 418]

Aldosterone is a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal cortex and plays an important part in controlling the kidney tubules to reabsorb sodium at a faster rate. Aldosterone reduces urine volume It helps to increase the reabsorption of water and ions in the kidneys to maintain sufficient blood volume levels, stabilizing the blood pressure It also increases sodium reabsorption from the urine, sweat, and the gut

Know the terms; anuria, polyuria, oliguria, glycosuria [pg]

Anuria: Pg. 418 Anuria is an absence of urine Oliguria: Pg. 418 Oliguria is a scanty amount of urine Polyuria: Pg. 418 Polyuria is an unusually large amount of urine Glycosuria: Pg. 417 Glycosuria is glucose in the urine

What minerals can be reabsorbed by the kidneys? What minerals cannot see table 18-1 (Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion) [pg 417]

Can: Glucose, amino acids, Na+, sodium, and chloride ions Can't: potassium ions, nitrogenous wastes, ammonia, hydrogen ions, and some drugs ???

What is a mature egg follicle? [Pg.

During the reproductive lifetime of most women, only about 350 to 500 of the primary follicles fully develop into mature follicles It is the mature follicle that releases an ovum for potential fertilization - a process called ovulation Follicles that do not mature degenerate and are reabsorbed into the ovarian tissue The mature ovarian follicle is often called a graafian follicle

Know about the different phase of the menstrual cycle [Pgs. 474-475]

Each cycle consists of three phases. The three periods of time in each cycle are: Menses Period of 4 or 5 days characterized by menstrual bleeding First day of menstrual flow is considered day 1 of menstrual cycle Proliferative phase Begins after the menstrual flow ends and lasts until ovulation Follicles mature, the uterine lining thickens (proliferates), and estrogen secretion increases to its highest level Secretory phase Begins at ovulation and lasts until the next menses begins During this phase, the uterine lining reaches its greatest thickness and the ovary secretes its highest levels of progesterone

Tell me about primary follicles a woman has a puberty [Pg. 467]

Embedded in a connective tissue matrix just below the outer layer of each ovary in a newborn girl are about 1 million overian follicles Each follicle contains an oocyte, an immature stage of the female sex cell By the time a girl reaches puberty, however, further development has resulted in the formation of a reduced number (about 400,000) of what are now called the primary follicles Each primary follicle has a layer of granulosa cells around the oocyte

Which part of the urinary system is under voluntary control? [pg 421]

External Sphincter

What is Glomerular filtrate [pg 415/Google]

Glomerular filtration is the first step in making urine. It is the process that your kidneys use to filter excess fluid and waste products out of the blood into the urine collecting tubules of the kidney

What is glycosuria and what does it mean? [pg 417]

Glucose in the urine, which is a well-known sign of diabetes mellitus

What is the spermatocyte? [pg 462]

Google def: a cell produced at the second stage in the formation of spermatozoa, formed from a spermatogonium and dividing by meiosis into spermatids. When spermatogonium undergoes mitosis, it produces 2 daughter cells, one remains as a spermatogonium and the other forms another type of cell called a primary spermatocyte

Where is the mitochondria located within the sperm? [pg 463]

In addition to the head with its covering of acrosome, each sperm has a midpiece and an elongated tail. Mitochondria is located within the midpiece of the sperm The mitochondria releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to provide an energy source for the tail movements required to propel the sperm and allow them to swim for relatively long distances through the female reproductive ducts

What in the trigone? [pg 420]

It is one triangular area on the back or posterior surface of the bladder that is free of rugae. It is always smooth The lining membrane is tightly fixed to the deeper muscle coat. Extends between the openings of the two ureters above and the point of exit of the urethra below.

What is the urinary meatus? [pg 420]

It is the external opening of the urethra.

Know the location of the kidneys with in the body [Pg. 410]

Textbook Passage Description: Both kidneys are protected a bit by the lower rib cage and are located under the muscles of the back and behind the parental peritoneum. Textbook Passage Definition: Parental Peritoneum The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. Because of this retroperitoneal location, a surgeon can operate on a kidney from behind without cutting through the parietal peritoneum. Textbook Passage Definition: Retroperitoneal Area outside of the peritoneum. More Information on The Peritoneum: Once the peritoneum has been cut or opened, the potential for spread of infection throughout the entire abdominal cavity increases. A heavy cushion of fat - the renal fat pad - normally encases each kidney and helps hold it in place. Normally, a little more than 20% of the total blood pumped by the heart each minute enters the kidneys. The rate of blood flow through this organ is among the highest in the body.

What is progesterone and how does it help to maintain the pregnancy? [pg 468]

Progesterone is a hormone produced by the corpus lutem that stimulates the proliferation and vascularization of the epithelial lining of the uterus and acts with estrogen to initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty If stimulated by the appropriate anterior pituitary hormone, the corpus lutem produces progesterone for about 11 days after ovulation Menstruation starts when the progesterone and estrogen concentration in the blood are at their lowest Progesterone causes the uterine lining or endometrium to thicken, which helps create an ideal supportive environment in your uterus for a fertilized egg/embryo.

Know about the structures of the renal tubules [pg 412-413

Renal Tubule Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) The first segment of the renal tubule Called proximal because it lies nearest the tubule's origin from the Bowman capsule, and it is called convoluted because it has several bends Nephron loop (Henle loop) The extension of the proximal tubule The nephron loop consists of a straight descending limb, a hairpin turn, and a straight ascending limb Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) The part of the tubule distal to the ascending limb of the nephron loop The DCT is an extension of the ascending limb Collecting duct (CD) A straight (that is, not convoluted) part of a renal tubule Distal tubules of several nephrons join to form a single collecting duct

Know the terms; retention, suppression, incontinence, polyuria [pg 421]

Retention: A condition in which no urine is voided. The kidneys produce urine, but the bladder, for one reason or another, cannot empty itself. Suppression: The kidneys do not produce any urine, but the bladder retains the ability to empty itself. Incontinence: AKA ENURESIS Involuntary voiding or loss of urine in an older child or adult. Polyuria: Unusually large amounts of urine

Know the correct sequence of structures that sperm pass through to exit the body [Pg. 464]

Sperm are formed within the walls of the seminiferous tubules of the testes When they exit from these tubules within the testis, they enter and pass in the following sequence: Through epididymis ——> vas deferens (ductus deferens) ——> ejaculatory duct ——> urethra

Where does the sperm develop their ability to move and swim? [pg 464]

Sperm mature and develop their ability to move or swim as they are temporarily stored in the epididymis. Specialized cells lining the epididymis secrete nutrients for developing sperm and also remove substantial amounts of excess testicular fluid as developing sex cells enter and eventually pass through the lumen of this tightly coiled tube. Each epididymis consists of a single and very tightly coiled tube about 6 meters (20 feet) in length. The epididymis is a comma-shaped structure that lies on top of the testes inside of the scrotum.

Tell me about the testes and spermatogenesis? [pg 462]

Testes are the male gonads located in the scrotum which is outside the body This environment leads to the temperature to be 1 to 3 degrees Celsius cooler than normal (important to survival of sperm) Each is a small oval gland shaped like an egg, surrounded by a tough, whitish membrane (tunica albuginea) Each lobule consists of seminiferous tubule (bulk of testicular mass) Small endocrine cells near the septa are called the interstitial cells that secrete testosterone Spermatogenesis is sperm production in the seminiferous tubules. Testes prepare for sperm production by upping the numbers of stem cells called spermatogonia (located near outer edge of each seminiferous tubule) FSH causes spermatogonia to undergo cell divisions to produce two daughter cells One of the 2 is formed into a primary spermatocyte, which undergoes meiosis leading to sperm formation --daughter cells are called spermatids

What is Bowman's capsule? [Pg. 411]

Textbook Passage Definition: The Bowman Capsule is the cup-shaped top of a nephron. The hollow, saclike Bowman capsule surrounds the glomerulus.

What is the Glomerulus? [Pg. 411]

Textbook Passage Definition: The glomerulus is a network of blood capillaries tucked into the Bowman capsule. Afferent Arteriole & Efferent Arteriole Textbook Passage Description: The afferent arteriole that delivers blood to the glomerulus is bigger in diameter than the efferent arteriole that drains blood from it and that it is relatively short. This explains the high blood pressure that exists in the glomerular capillaries. This high pressure is required to filter wastes from the blood.

How does the kidneys regulate substances in the blood, K+, Na+ bicarbonate? [Pgs. 415 - 417]

Textbook Passage Description: For the most part, sodium ions are actively transported back into blood from the tubular fluid in all segments of the kidney tubule expect the collecting ducts. Rather than being actively reabsorbed from renal tubules as are sodium ions (Na+), chloride ions (CI-) passively move into blood because they carry a negative electrical charge. More Information: The positively charged sodium ions that have been reabsorbed and moved into the blood "attract" the negatively charged chloride ions from the tubule fluid into the peritubular capillaries. Kidney tubule secretion plays a crucial role in maintain the body's fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Potassium ion is secreted primarily into the collecting ducts in an exchange with sodium. Urine volume of potassium ion (K+) varies greatly with diet. Extra Information: Some diuretic drugs, which stimulate the production of urine, are said to be "potassium wasting" because they increase secretion of potassium into tubular fluid and thus its excretion in the urine.

What is the function of the kidneys? [Pg. 410 & Pgs. 413 - 415]

Textbook Passage Description: One of the main functions of the kidney is to remove waste products from the blood. Maintenance of a high rate of blood flow and normal blood pressure in the kidneys is essential for the formation of urine. They perform the function of forming urine, which is essential for homeostasis and maintenance of life. The Kidney is A Vital Organ Normally the kidneys balance the amount on many substances entering and leaving the blood over time so that normal concentrations can be maintained. In short, the kidneys adjust their output to equal the intake of the body. By eliminating wastes and adjusting fluid balance, the kidneys play an essential part in maintaining homeostasis. Homeostasis cannot be maintained - nor can life itself - if the kidneys fail and the condition is not corrected. Excretion of toxins and of nitrogen-containing waste products such as urea and ammonia represents only one of the important responsibilities of the kidney. The kidney also plays a key role in regulating the levels of many chemicals substances in the blood such as chloride, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. The kidneys also regulate the proper balance between body water content and salt by selectively retaining or excreting both substances as requirements demand. Yet another important function of the kidney is the secretion of the hormone erythropoietin (EPO). Erythropoietin (EPO) Description: During hypoxia, a deficiency of oxygen in the body, the erythropoietin is released into the bloodstream. EPO travels in the bloodstream to the red bone marrow, where it stimulates the production of additional erythrocytes (red blood cells). The additional erythrocytes increase the ability of the blood to absorb and transport oxygen to oxygen-starved tissues. Uses of Erythropoietin (EPO): EPO is sometimes used as a drug (one brand is Procrit) to treat anemia caused by critical illness such as cancer. EPO is sometimes abused by athletes attempting to improve their athletic performance by boosting hematocrit - thus increasing the oxygen - carrying capacity of their blood. More Important Notes on The Kidney: Artificial Kidney If kidney function is greatly reduced because of aging, injury, or disease, life can be maintained by using an artificial kidney to cleanse the blood of wastes. Kidney Disease Kidney disease can cause anemia by reducing the body's ability to produce EPO when needed.

Know about the external and internal genitelia of the male and female [pg 466 +472]

The chapter only mentions the external genitals of male and females in subheadings, I'm assuming that the internal genitalia is everything else. The Male external genitalia are the penis and scrotum. The penis is the organ that when made stiff and erect by the filling of its spongy or erectile tissue components with blood during sexual arousal, can enter and deposit sperm in the vagina during intercourse. The penis has three separate columns of erectile tissue in its shaft: one column of Corpus spongiosum, which surrounds the urethra, and two columns of Corpora cavernosa, which lie dorsally. The female external genitalia consist of several structures collectively called the vulva. These include: Mons pubis, clitoris, external urinary meatus, labia minora, hymen, openings of vestibular gland ducts, orifice (opening) of vagina, and Labia majora.

What is Menses? [pg 473]

The first menses, or menstrual flow, is referred to as a menarche. During this period small patches of dead cells of uterine lining slough off, leaving torn blood vessels; menstrual bleeding comes from these torn vessels. This period lasts 1-5 days.

What structure of the testes secrete testosterone? [pg]

The interstitial cells of the testes secrete testosterone not the seminiferous tubules Hypothalamic secretion of GnRH causes the anterior pituitary to secrete the luteinizing hormone (LH), which stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

How much Glomerular is produced per day? [pg 415]

The kidneys produce 50 gallons of glomerular filtrate every day

Structurally what protects the kidneys from physical injury? [pg 410]

The lower rib cage and the muscles of the back & the parietal peritoneum

What does the proximal convoluted tubules connect to? [pg 411]

The proximal convoluted tubule is the first segment of a renal tubule once you leave the Bowman capsule and it connects to the nephron loop. The PCT lies nearest the tubule's origin from the Bowman capsule The PCT drains filtrate away from the renal corpuscle and into the blood capillaries located around the tubules

Tell me about the renal pelvis? [pg 419]

The renal pelvis is the basin like upper end of the ureter located inside the kidney

What cells help regulate blood pressure? [Google]

The renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system of the kidneys regulates blood volume

What is a gamete? [Pgs. 459-460]

The reproductive system of each parent produces the sex or reproductive cells called the gametes needed to form the offspring. These gametes called an ovum (female parent) and a sperm (male parent) fuse during the process of fertilization The new offspring cell that results is called the zygote

Where do sperm cell develop? [pg 462]

The seminiferous tubules

Know the structure of the uterus [pg 470]

The uterus is a small organ, only about the size of a pear, but it is extremely strong. The uterus is composed of two parts: an upper portion, the body, and a lower narrow section, the cervix. Just above the level where the uterine tubes attach to the body of the uterus, it rounds out to form a bulging prominence called the fundus.

Know the terms, voiding, urinating, and micturition? [pg 421]

They all refer to the passage of urine from the body or the emptying of the bladder

What are the tunica albuginea, scrotum, seminiferous tubules? [pg 461-462]

Tunica albuginea is a tough, whitish membrane that surrounds each testis and enters the gland to divide it into lobules It covers the testicle and then enters te gland to form the many septa that divide it into sections or lobules The scrotum is a pouch-like sac that contains the testes The scrotum is suspended outside of the body cavity below the penis It provides an environment about 1° to 3° C cooler than normal body temperature (which is an important requirment for the normal production and survival of sperm) The seminiferous tubules are long, coiled structures that form the bulk of the testicular mass Each one is a long duct with a central lumen or passageway Sperm develop in the walls of the tubule and are then released into the lumen and begin their journey to the exterior of the body

What is the urethra, urinary bladder, ureter, and nephron? [pg]

Urethra: PAGE 420 The urine passes down from the bladder to the urethra. Lowest part of the urinary tract. Women: 4 cm (1 ½ inches) ONE FUNCTION: It is only part of the urinary tract Men: 20 cm (8 inches) TWO FUNCTIONS: It is the terminal portion of the urinary tract It is the passageway of movement of the reproductive fluid (semen) from the body. Urinary Bladder: PAGE 420 Lies in the pelvis behind the pubic symphysis When full of urine, it projects upward into the lower portion of the abdominal cavity. Women: In front of the uterus Men: Rests on the prostate The lining is loosely attached to the deeper muscular layer so that the bladder is very wrinkled and lies in folds called rugae when its empty. One triangular area on the back or posterior surface of the bladder is free of rugae which is called a Trigone. Ureter: PAGE 419 Narrow tubes less than 6 millimeters (¼ inch) wide and 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) long. Urine drains out of the tubules, into the renal pelvis, down the ureter then into the urinary bladder. Transitional Epithelium lines the Ureters and Renal Pelvis. Renal Colic: pain caused by the passage of kidney stones. Nephron: PAGE 411-412 Microscopic units that make up each kidney's interior. Composed of the renal corpsule and the renal tubule Produces Urine

Tell me about the ureters [pg 419-420]

Urine drains out of collecting tubules of each kidney into the pelvis and down the ureter into the bladder. Ureters are narrow tubes less than 6 mm wide and 25-30 cm long Lined with mucous membranes featuring transitional epithelium Has a thick, muscular wall that contracts to assist in moving urine down into the bladder (richly supplied with sensory nerve endings) Can be cut by kidney stones

Tell me how urine flows thru the body? [I'm not sure what this exactly wants so I found a comprised version of the answer on Google, but I think the pages are 419 through the top of 421]

Urine is formed in the kidneys through a filtration of blood. The urine is then passed through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. During urination, the urine is passed from the bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body.

Know the anatomy of the Kidneys (structure) [Pgs. 410 - 413]

{Gross Structure of the Kidney} (External Anatomy) The kidneys resemble lima beans in shape, that is, roughly oval with a medial indentation. The medical indentation, called the hilum, is where vessels, nerves, and the ureter connect with the kidney. (Internal Anatomy) Renal Cortex The outer part of the kidney. Renal Medulla The inner portion of the kidney. Renal Pyramids The triangular division of the medulla of the kidney. Extensions of cortical tissue that dip down into the medulla between the renal pyramids are called renal columns. Renal Papilla (pl. papillae) Narrow, innermost end of a pyramid. Renal Pelvis Also called the kidney pelvis. An expansion of the upper end of a ureter (the tube that drains urine into the bladder). Calyx (pl. calyces) A division of the renal pelvis. The papilla of a pyramid opens into each calyx. (Microscopic Structure) Nephrons Glossary Definition: A nephron is an anatomical and functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. Function: Producing urine. Looks: A tiny funnel with a very long stem, but it is an unusual stem in that is highly convoluted - that is, it has many bends in it. Important Information: More than a million microscopic unit called nephrons make up each kidney's interior. The nephron is composed of two principal components: The Renal Corpuscle The renal corpuscle can be subdivide still further into two parts. Bowman Capsule The cup-shaped top of a nephron. The hollow, saclike Bowman capsule surrounds the glomerulus. Glomerulus A network of capillaries tucked into the Bowman capsule. The afferent arteriole that delivers blood to the glomerulus is bigger in diameter than the efferent arteriole that drains blood from it and that it is relatively short. + This explains the high blood pressure that exists in the glomerular capillaries. This high pressure is required to filter wastes from the blood. The Renal Tubule The renal tubule can be subdivided into four regions or segments. Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) The first segment of a renal tubule. The PCT is called proximal because it lies nearest the tubule's origin from the Bowman capsule, and it is called convoluted because it has several bends. Nephron Loop The extension of the proximal tubule. The nephron loop consists of a straight descending limb, a hairpin turn, and a straight ascending limb. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) The part of the tubule distal to the ascending limb of the nephron loop. The DCT is the extension of the ascending limb. Collecting Duct (CD) A straight (that is, not convoluted) part of a renal tubule. Distal tubules of several nephrons join to form a single collecting duct. + Urine from the collecting ducts exits from the pyramid through the papilla and enters the calyx and renal pelvis before flowing into the ureter. Cortical Nephrons Glossary Definition: Cortical nephron is a nephron located in the renal cortex. Juxtamedullary Nephrons Glossary Definition: Juxtamedullary nephron is a type of nephron that lies near the junction of the cortical and medullary layers of the kidney and with a nephron loop extending into the medulla. Important Information: Their renal corpuscles are near the junction (juxta) between cortex and medullary layers. These nephrons have nephron loops that dip into the medulla. Juxtamedullary nephrons have and important role in concentrating urine.

Know the three layers of the uterus and the functions [pg470-471]

• The three layers of the uterus are: Endometrium: the innermost layer of the uterus. Initially functions to secrete histrotroph (uterine milk) that proceeds nutrition to the embryo. Later attaches to feed through the blood system Myometrium middle layer of the uterus. A muscular layer that functions to expel the fetus during birth and causes cramps during menstruation Perimetrium outermost layer (https://quizlet.com/13325276/layers-of-the-uterus-flash-cards/) The uterus functions in three processes menstruation, pregnancy, and labor.