Chapter 18: Artificial Intelligence

A recent nursing graduate in a busy Emergency Department triages a patient who has sustained a large, deep puncture wound in his foot while working at a construction site. He is bleeding and is in pain. The nurse enters the triage data that she has obtained from the patient into a computerized, standard emergency patient-classification system. After she enters the assessment data, she notices an alert on the computer screen that prompts her to ask the patient about the status of his tetanus immunization. What system of technology is involved in generating the alert? a. Clinical decision support (CDS) b. WL technology c. Computerized provider order d. Electronic health record

a. Clinical decision support (CDS) Clinical decision support (CDS) is a clinical computer system, computer application, or process that helps health professionals make clinical decisions to enhance patient care.

Nurses need to prepare for the eventual infusion of systems that possess knowledge-generating capabilities such: a. artificial intelligence. b. data, information, and knowledge. c. contemporary digital health technologies. d. wireless technology, voice recognition, and handheld devices.

a. artificial intelligence. Preliminary evidence generated in the academic literature suggest that the wider-scale adoption of these kinds of intelligent systems is in the not-too-distant future.

The nurse in a large hospital working in the emergency room is caring for a patient having a myocardial infarction. The hospital has recently implemented an order entry system that uses artificial intelligence (AI). The nurse should be aware that AI should never take the place of: a. knowledge and wisdom. b. nurses notes. c. nursing experience. d. tasks and procedures.

a. knowledge and wisdom. The types of knowledge and wisdom brought by nurses is extremely difficult to functionally replicate within technology.

Robotics within healthcare environments can conceivably be described as task automating systems. Using devices such as TUG or Moxi can improve nurses' efficiency by: a. reducing the number of retrieval trips to various areas when supplies on a unit are inadequate b. making decisions about the care a patient is to receive. c. entering physician's orders into the hospital data system. d. performing minor surgical procedures.

a. reducing the number of retrieval trips to various areas when supplies on a unit are inadequate The Moxi robot that can assist nurses with a variety of lower-knowledge tasks, including the collection of supplies, delivering lab samples, distribution of personal protective equipment, and couriering of medications. TUG boast similar functionalities in terms of being able to ferry equipment and supplies around a healthcare environment.

Information that could be conceived as data that has been further contextualized to possess meaning, "data plus meaning", is: a. data. b. information. c. knowledge. d. wisdom.

b. information. Information is described by Matney et al. (2011) as "data plus meaning". Therefore, information could be conceived as data that has been further contextualized to possess meaning.

An AI-enabled care management system used in an American healthcare context systematically underestimated the healthcare needs of predominantly Black patients. This is an example of: a. stereotyping. b. situational awareness. c. automation of inequities. d. task automation.

c. automation of inequities. Automation of inequities is a phrase that has become a term used by both researchers and the media to denote the occurrence of when a self-learning technology unintentionally reinforces systematic biases or other types of inequity during its insight generation.

"Information that has been synthesized so that relationships are identified and formalized" is referred to as: a. data. b. information. c. knowledge. d. wisdom.

c. knowledge. It is knowledge that allows a practitioner to rationalize through the information and promote the 110 and 70 in light of the correct context (i.e., systolic, diastolic measurements) and reasoning into knowledge.

The use of AI intelligence in healthcare is to help nurses: a. see more patients in a shorter amount of time. b. decrease the need for nurses to further their education c. provide data to assist the nurses to make decisions. d. make patient decisions

c. provide data to assist the nurses to make decisions. Nurses need to prepare for the eventual infusion of systems that possess knowledge-generating capabilities such as those found with AI.

The nurse can identify various apparatuses, processes, or systems that have experienced some form of automation. Tasks and processes undertaken by nurses that introduce some level of automation include : a. electronic medical records (EMR). b. point-of-care devices. c. telecommunications. d. barcode medication administration (BCMA).

c. telecommunications. All contemporary digital health technologies—including EMR, BCMA, and point-of-care devices—introduce some level of automation on tasks and processes undertaken by nurses.

The cascading continuum that is extremely important when exploring digital health technology, especially with some of the modern technologies present today is: a. data-information-knowledge-wisdom b. tools-technology-intelligence-response c. illness-symptoms-treatment-nursing care d. automation-task-ability-hybridized

a. data-information-knowledge-wisdom Data-information-knowledge-wisdom, while appearing logical, is extremely important when exploring digital health technology, especially with some of the modern technologies present today.

The term data refers to the smallest unit of insight, commonly presented without background context, and possesses little meaning in isolation: a. data. b. information. c. knowledge. d. wisdom.

a. data. Data is the smallest unit of insight, for example the number 150.

To improve outcomes on the stroke recovery unit, the unit manager leads an evidence-based practice (EBP) project. The goal of this project is to: a. enable detection of variations in clinical outcomes from well-researched standards that are supported by confirmatory evidence. b. gain quick access to literature based on studies of patients and families who have experienced stroke. c. develop a list of articles that could be accessed to address clinical issues and problems with stroke patients. d. advance the development of staff who are able to conduct independent nursing research on stroke outcomes.

a. enable detection of variations in clinical outcomes from well-researched standards that are supported by confirmatory evidence. Several "intelligent" clinical information systems are in place that collect good data and then translate nursing knowledge, such as well-researched standards, into reference materials at the point-of-care. In addition, computer applications assist nurses to take action and provide patient care based on the best evidence for practice.

Medication errors which directly resulted from the redevelopment of processes and workflow brought about by the implementation of BCMA are considered: a. unintended consequences related to technology. b. intended response to change. c. reasons to return to paper-based medication administration processes. d. an expected response to technology-based nursing.

a. unintended consequences related to technology. Considerable research has been completed about unintended consequences related to health technology. Increasing recognition of technology can and will influence the actions of humans in both intended and unintended.

Technology can influence human social systems and humans can reciprocally influence technology. This relationship is known as: a. knowledge. b. informatics. c. wisdom. d. sociotechnical.

b. informatics. Although we can conceptualize and view the nuanced relationship humans have with technology in many ways, we suggest a sociotechnical systems lens to better understand this relationship.

Nurses complete many tasks that requiring skill, judgment, fine motor control, and other types of expertise that are difficult to replicate with AI. One such skill would be: a. collection of materials and supplies. b. wound care. c. contacting members of the care team. d. screening applicants for open positions.

b. wound care. Many of the tasks completed by nurses are extremely nuanced, requiring skill, judgment, fine motor control, and other types of expertise that are difficult to replicate mechanically. Wound care is an extremely knowledge-intense task due to the complexity of wound healing, patient complexity, dressing products, treatment trajectory, and a host of other important clinical and contextual factors.

Despite the implementation of bar-code medication administration (BCMA) on your busy medical unit, you notice that the number of medication errors has not significantly decreased. Which of the following reasons might explain the lack of change in errors? a. A number of new medications have been introduced into the hospital pharmacy that are not yet recognized in the CDS. b. There have been an unusually high number of patients on the unit who have been unable to confirm their identity at the time of medication administration. c. Lack of staff understanding and support for BCMA has led to overrides or failures to scan bar codes during busy times. d. Clinical data that have been entered into the system to guide administration of the medications are outdated.

c. Lack of staff understanding and support for BCMA has led to overrides or failures to scan bar codes during busy times. Most errors related to technology involve mislabeled bar codes on medications, mistakes at order entry because of confusing computer screens, or issues with management of information. Errors also are related to dispensing devices and human factors, such as failure to scan bar codes or overrides of bar-code warnings.

As part of an information technology implementation team, you are implementing aclinical decision support system. Particular considerations for successful implementation of this project include: a. ensuring that the system is reliable. b. ensuring that patient information is reliable. c. developing unique identifiers for individuals. d. developing rules that support inferences.

d. developing rules that support inferences. Clinical decision support systems provide support for novice nurses, in particular, as they enable entry of real-time data from patient situations and inferences that apply the logic that expert nurses would use. These inferences require rules to be developed for the system.

As a nurse manager, one challenge is to orient new staff to your agency's policies and procedures, as well as to provide training across various shifts. A cost-effective and effective learning strategy would be: a. development of new learning modules and software to support document retrieval. b. e-mail distribution to staff home e-mail addresses regarding important policies. c. preparation of DVDs that can be viewed on computers at the nursing station during "down times." d. linking policies and procedures to the network for access when required at the point-of-care.

d. linking policies and procedures to the network for access when required at the point-of-care. Knowledge technology consists of systems that generate or process knowledge and provide clinical decision support (CDS). The clinical knowledge embedded in computer applications can range from simple facts and relationships to best practices for managing patients with specific disease states, new medical knowledge from clinical research, and other types of information.

As artificial intelligence devices emerge, it is important that at least a core of nurses engaged in the work that leads to improvement of AI-related devices to ensure that: a. if it doesn't work, they are not to blame. b. the thinking of nurses is a part of the development process. c. it meets their standards. d. they can contact the manufacture about complaints.

d. they can contact the manufacture about complaints. Having at least a core of nurses engaged in the work that leads to improvement of AI-related devices ensures that the thinking of nurses is a part of the developmental process.

Actualized knowledge that uses insight to "manage and solve human problems" is: a. data. b. information. c. knowledge. d. wisdom.

d. wisdom While knowledge is one of the higher levels of insight that a practitioner can possess, the extension to wisdom takes actualized knowledge and uses this insight to "manage and solve human problems".