Chapter 18 Cardiovascular System: Blood
11) The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of A) platelets and leukocytes B) leukocytes C) platelets D) erythrocytes E) erythrocytes and leukocytes
A
15) The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of A) erythrocytes in the blood B) leukocytes in the blood C) platelets in the blood D) plasma in the blood E) all formed elements in the blood
A
30) Glucose is a A) polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma B) polar molecules, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood C) nonpolar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma D) nonpolar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood
A
32) One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to A) increase the viscosity of the blood B) decrease the blood pressure in the arteries C) decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood D) increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood E) increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
A
43) Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte A) c, a, e, b, d, f B) a, b, c, e, d, f C) a, c, d, b, e, f D) c, b, a, d, e, f E) c, a, b, e, d, f
A
5) The temperature of blood is about ________ than measured body temperature. A) 1 degree Celcius higher B) 10 degrees Celcius higher C) 1 degree Celcius lower D) 10 degrees Celcius lower
A
53) Congenital hemolytic anemia is A) when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal B) when there is an inherited anemia associated with a defect in iron uptake C) caused by a failure of the body to absorb Vitamin B12 D) characterized by a large number of immature, nucleated cells E) characterized by significantly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to defective red bone marrow
A
59) If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate A) the wrong blood type was used B) the recipient had type AB blood C) there were no agglutinins (antibodies) in the recipient blood D) the donor had type O blood
A
60) The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are A) found on the surface of erythrocytes B) found in the cytosol of the erythrocytes C) located on the surface of the leukocytes D) located in the cytosol of the leukocytes E) part of the reticular connective tissue of the spleen
A
72) When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a A) white blood cell differential count B) red blood cell differential count C) total cell count for red and white blood cells D) blood typing
A
77) The first phase in hemostasis is A) vascular spasm B) elimination of clots C) coagulation D) platelet plug formation
A
82) During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to A) collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor B) collagen with the assistance of prothrombin C) prostacyclin with the assistance of activated factor V D) prostacyclin with the assistance of thromboxane A2 E) proconvertin with the assistance of factor IX
A
84) As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol A) degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2 B) degranulates as they release chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin C) becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2 D) becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin
A
86) Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)? A) the intrinsic pathway B) the extrinsic pathway
A
89) The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway A) common B) extrinsic C) intrinsic
A
92) To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers A) vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate B) vasoconstriction and a decrease in heart rate C) vasodilation and an increase in heart rate D) vasodilation and a decrease in heart rate
A
98) In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be A) decreased in number and less efficient B) decreased in number but more efficient C) increased in number but more efficient D) increased in number and more efficient
A
10) Blood is correctly classified as a(n) A) organ B) tissue C) organ system D) intracellular fluid
B
17) If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely A) increase B) decrease C) not change
B
20) Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ___________. A) largest; no nucleus B) largest; prominent nuclei C) smallest; no nucleus D) smallest; prominent nuclei
B
24) One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will A) increase B) decrease
B
26) The globulins make up about _________ percent of all plasma proteins. A) 58 B) 37 C) 4 D) 1 E) 85
B
28) Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are _______. A) antibodies; lipids B) iron ions; antibodies C) lipids; heavy metals D) oxygen; clotting proteins E) clotting factors; hormones
B
33) The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes A) are actually dead B) lack a nucleus and organelles C) have lots of inclusion molecules D) are not red E) can form a rouleau when moving through a capillary
B
4) Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color. A) bright red B) dark red C) light blue D) dark blue
B
42) The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called A) leukopenia B) hemopoiesis C) leukocytosis D) arythroblastosis E) agglutination
B
46) In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _______ line. A) lymphoid B) myeloid C) monocyte D) killer cell
B
50) How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 16
B
51) The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the ______ units. A) heme B) globin C) iron D) calcium
B
55) Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin b: Bilibrubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed d: The iron ions are stored in the liver e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract A) a, b, c, e, f B) a, c, d, f C) a, b, c, g D) c, d, g E) c, e, g
B
56) Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes A) a, b, c B) a, b, e C) b, c, e D) b, c, d E) c
B
6) The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ________ proportional to the amount of fluid. A) directly; directly B) directly; indirectly C) indirectly; indirectly D) indirectly; directly
B
62) The main function of leukocytes is to A) trigger allergies B) defend against pathogens C) carry oxygen through the blood D) carry carbon dioxide through the blood E) form clots
B
63) Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contrian granules A) a, b, c, d B) b, c, e C) b, c, d, e D) a, b, c, d, e E) a, b, e
B
65) Which type of leukocyte releases histamine? A) Eosinophil B) Basophil C) Lymphocyte D) Neutrophil E) Monocyte
B
70) Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes? A) Eosinophils B) Basophils C) Monocytes D) Lymphocytes E) Neutrophils
B
76) Platelets play a key role in _______, but if they are not used they are broken down after about _______ days. A) hemostasis; 120 B) hemostasis; 9 C) hematopoiesis; 120 D) hematopoiesis; 9
B
78) The first phase of hemostasis involves A) blood vessel dilation B) blood vessel constriction C) release of procoagulants D) fibrinolysis
B
8) Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood. A) 1 liter B) 5 liters C) 10 liters D) 15 liters
B
81) Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a A) platelet attractant B) platelet repellent
B
87) Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium? A) the intrinsic pathway B) the extrinsic pathway C) the common pathway D) each of the three pathways (intrinsic, extrinsic, and common)
B
95) In fetal development, hemocytoblasts begin to colonize red bone marrow at approximately A) 10 days B) 10 weeks C) 5 months D) 8 months
B
97) In young children, hemopoiesis occur in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in A) long bones of the hands and feet B) flat bones of the axial skeleton C) short bones of the appendicular skeleton D) the liver and spleen
B
16) A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that A) the clincial hematocrit is much larger B) the true hematocrit is much larger C) their values are very similar
C
18) The most numerous of the formed elements are the A) neutrophils B) platelets C) erythrocytes D) basophils E) albumins
C
2) Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies? A) Regulation B) Prevention C) Protection D) Transportation
C
21) A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure A) increases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space B) increases, and so blood volume is abnormally high C) decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space D) decreases, and so blood volume is abnormally high
C
25) The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the A) globulins B) endocrine hormones C) albumins D) fibrinogens E) prothrombins
C
29) Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma A) solvents B) nutrients C) electrolytes D) proteins E) formed elements
C
49) How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule? A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 6 E) 8
C
67) T-lymphocytes are a category of A) eosinophils B) basophils C) lymphocytes D) neutrophils E) monocytes
C
68) The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n) A) eosinophil B) basophil C) monocyte D) lymphocyte E) neutrophil
C
80) Vascular spasms last A) a few milliseconds when tissue damage is moderate B) almost a full minute when tissue damage is extensive C) several minutes when tissue damage is extensive D) several hours when tissue damage is moderate
C
88) Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting? A) Factor III combines with factor VII B) Factor XII converts inactive factor XI to active factor XI C) Prothrombin is activated to thrombin D) Calcium combines with factor IX
C
90) When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the __________ nervous system A) parasympathetic B) somatic C) sympathetic
C
1) Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones? A) Regulation B) Protection C) Prevention D) Transportation
D
12) When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the A) electroclytes and waste products B) buffy coat C) monocytes D) erythrocytes E) platelets F) plasma
D
13) Plasma makes up about _______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood. A) 25 B) 35 C) 45 D) 55 E) 75
D
23) Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight? A) 1% B) 25% C) 46% D) 92% E) 98%
D
27) An individual's meatocrit would vary with A) age B) sex C) altitude D) all of the choices are correct
D
34) The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to A) only oxygen B) only carbon dioxide C) only nitrogen D) both oxygen and carbon dioxide E) oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
D
48) Macrophages colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of A) granulocytes from their progenitors B) erythrocytes from myeloid stem cells C) megakaryocytes and platelets D) monocytes from monoblasts E) erythrocyte progenitor cells
D
52) The life span of an erythrocyte is about ________ days. A) 10 B) 30 C) 60 D) 120 E) 360
D
54) Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the A) liver B) spleen C) lung D) liver and spleen E) spleen and lung
D
57) Which are characteristics of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B A) b, c, d, f B) a, c, d, f C) a, d, f D) b, c, f E) a, c, f
D
58) Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group A) a, c B) b, c, e C) a, d, e D) b, e E) a, e
D
66) The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n) A) eosinophil B) basophil C) lymphocyte D) neutrophil E) monocyte
D
69) Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes? A) Eosinophils B) Basophils C) Lymphocytes D) Neutrophils E) Monocytes
D
73) The growth factor that icreases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is A) EPO B) M-CSF C) G-CSF D) Multi-CSF E) GM-CSF
D
94) Fibrinolysis involves _________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein __________. A) construction; thrombokinase B) construction; plasmin C) construction; actinomyosin D) destruction; plasmin E) destruction; thrombokinase
D
71) The test that measures the amount of each type of leukocyte in the bloos is a _______ count.
Differential
38) Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are A) reticulocytes B) promegakaryocytes C) myeloid stem cells D) late erythroblasts E) proplatelets
E
61) Which is going to result in significant agglutination? A) Donor is type A, recipient has antibody anti-B B) Donor is type B, recipient has antibody anti-A C) Donor is type O, recipient is Type O D) Donor is type A, recipient is type AB E) Donor is type AB, recipient is type B
E
7) Blood plasma is slightly _________; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of ______. A) acidic; glucose B) acidic; proteins C) basic; glycogen D) basic; glucose E) basic: proteins
E
74) Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line? A) Neutrophils B) Basophils and eosinophils C) Lymphocytes and monocytes D) Lymphocytes E) Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
E
Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes A) a, b, c B) b, d, e C) a, b, e, f D) c, d E) a, b, e
E
102) When viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the erythrocytes will be on the top. TRUE or FALSE
False
36) Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line. TRUE or FALSE
False
75) Platelets are roughly the same size as erythrocytes, and like erythrocytes, they eject their nucleus just before entering circulation. TRUE or FALSE
False
85) The extrinsic pathway is a clotting system that is initiated by chemicals that come from outside the body. TRUE or FALSE
False
14) The percentage of volume of red blood cells is called the _______.
Hematocrit
44) The process of hemopoiesis starts with hemopoietic stem cells called _________.
Hemocytoblasts
35) The production of leukocytes is called ________.
Leukopoiesis
39) Platelets are continually produced in the red bone marrow by cells called _________.
Megakaryocytes
22) If someone with kidney damage was losing lots of protein in their urine, what would happen to colloid osmotic pressure and how might it lead to edema (swelling) of body tissues?
Osmotic pressure would decrease. Because less fluid would be retained by the osmotic draw of the proteins, capillaries would lose more fluid, and swelling could result.
93) When actinomyosin of platelets contracts and squeezes the serum out of a clot, the process is called clot ________.
Retraction
9) Describe how a change in the blood's pH might result in adverse changes to the structure and function of important molecules within it. Name a specific functional impairment resulting from damage to a specific functional macromolecule in the blood.
Swings in pH could denature proteins. As a result, alterations in protein antibodies could disrupt body defenses; denaturation of clotting proteins impairs hemostasis.
91) Explain how the body tries to maintain enough blood pressure to keep the most vital organs functioning after a catastrophic loss of over 10% of total blood volume.
The sympathetic nervous system triggers general vasocontriction, increased heart rate and increased heart contractility. Blood is distributed to heart and brain.
37) The production of platelets is called ______.
Thrombopoiesis
40) ____________ is a growth factor that stimulates both the production of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and the subsequent formation of platelets.
Thrombopoietin
103) Simply put, antibodies are molecules on the lookout for antigens. TRUE or FALSE
True
19) Platelets are formed elements. TRUE or FALSE
True
3) Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body. TRUE or FALSE
True
31) Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma. TRUE or FALSE
True
41) During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only. TRUE or FALSE
True
45) A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes. TRUE or FALSE
True
47) Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors. TRUE or FALSE
True
79) Vascular spasm is triggered by blood vessel injury and further triggered by the release of serotonin. TRUE or FALSE
True
83) For a relatively small injury, a platelet plug is formed within 1 minute. TRUE or FALSE
True
96) Compared to young adults, older individuals have relatively less red bone marrow TRUE or FALSE
True
