Chapter 18 - The Circulatory System: Blood

List the leukocytes from most abundant to least abundant (in healthy individuals).

"Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas" Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils

Place the steps of iron metabolism in order. Start with iron intake, and finish with absorption from the digestive tract.

1. A mixture of Fe2+ and Fe3+ is ingested. 2. The stomach acid converts Fe3+ to Fe2+. 3. Fe 2+ binds to gastroferritin. 4. Gastroferritin carries Fe2+ to intestine for absorption.

List in order the events of platelet plug formation.

1. Contact with collagen of a broken vessel or another rough surface. 2. Platelets grow long spiny pseudopods. 3. Pseudopods contract and draw the vessel walls together. 4. Mass of platelets forms a platelet plug.

Place the main steps of WBC development in order, starting with the least differentiated cell type.

1. Hemopoietic stem cells (HSE) 2. Colony forming units (CFU) 3. Precursor cells (i.e. myeloblasts, monoblasts, lymphoblasts) 4. Mature cells

List, in order, the stages of erythropoiesis. Start with the least differentiated cell type and end with erythrocytes.

1. Hemopoietic stem cells. 2. Colony-forming units. 3. Erythroblasts. 4. Reticulocytes. 5. Erythrocytes.

Place the events of heme disposal in order, starting with what happens first.

1. Macrophages remove the iron. 2. Macrophages convert the heme into biliverdin. 3. A yellow-green pigment called bilirubin is formed.

List, in order, the events that occur during fibrinolysis.

1. Prekallikrein is converted to kallikrein. 2. Kallikrein catalyzes the formation of plasmin. 3. Plasmin dissolves the blood clot.

Place the steps of hemostasis in the correct order.

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Blood coagulation

Fetal hemoglobin consists of which of the following?

2 alpha, and 2 gamma chains

One molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following?

4 globin chains & 4 heme groups

Which describes leukemia?

A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood.

What is vascular spasm?

A short-lived mechanism in which the damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss.

Which of the following is characteristic of lymphocytes?

A small cell with a large round nucleus.

Which blood type is the least common in the United States?

AB

Red blood cells have specific antigens on their surfaces called --. These antigens determine blood type.

Agglutinogens

Match each type of plasma protein to its role.

Albumin - solute transport, pH buffering, regulation of blood viscosity and osmolarity. Globulins - immunity. Fibrinogen - clotting.

In addition to water, blood plasma consists of which of the following?

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. Electrolytes and nutrients.

What do hemopoietic tissues produce?

All formed elements of the blood.

What is hemophilia?

An inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of clotting factors.

Inadequate erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis, hemorrhage, and increased RBC destruction are all common causes of the erythrocyte disorder called --.

Anemia

A person tells you that she has A+ blood. Which antigens are expressed on the surface of her RBCs?

Antigen A Antigen D

A person's specific blood type is based on which of the following?

Antigens expressed on the RBC plasma membrane.

Which erythrocyte cell-surface antigens determine a person's ABO blood group?

B & A.

The cardiovascular system (not circulatory) system includes which of the following?

Blood vessels. Heart.

The interaction of protein factors to produce a clot is called --.

Coagulation

Match the following chemicals/drugs with their mechanism of action in preventing formation of blood clots.

Coumadin/Warfarin - antagonizes vitamin K. EDTA - binds calcium ions and prevent them from participating in the coagulation reactions. Aspirin - suppresses the formation of the eicosanoid thromboxane A2.

People with blood type O are considered universal --.

Donors

Decreased blood osmolarity could cause which of the following?

Edema Low blood pressure

Which leukocyte has a nucleus comprised of two large lobes and a cytoplasm with abundant rosy to orange-colored granules?

Eosinophil

The cell --, also known as a red blood cell, the most abundant formed element in the blood.

Erythrocyte

Which formed element of the blood transports oxygen?

Erythrocytes

The term -- is defined as the production of red blood cells.

Erythropoiesis

The release of clotting factors by damaged blood vessels and perivascular tissues initiates the -- pathway of coagulation.

Extrinsic

True of False: A total WBC count is more useful than a differential WBC count when trying to pin down the specific cause of a disease.

False.

What is the function of fibrin?

Fibrin creates the framework of a blood clot.

The meshlike framework of a blood clot is formed by a sticky protein called --.

Fibrin.

As part of coagulation, the plasma protein called -- is converted to fibrin.

Fibrinogen

Which term describes eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophils?

Granulocytes

Match each alpha globulin to its role.

Haptoglobulin - transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes. Ceruloplasmin - transports copper. Prothrombin - promotes blood clotting.

Describe normal erythrocytes.

Have a biconcave shape Contain hemoglobin to transport gases like oxygen.

The three components of the circulatory system are the blood vessels, the blood, and the --.

Heart

The percentage of the blood's volume composed of erythrocytes is called the --.

Hematocrit.

Name the discipline that specifically deals with the study of blood.

Hematology

A mass of clotted blood in the tissues is called a --.

Hematoma

Iron is critical for the synthesis of --, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

Name the protein in the cytoplasm of the red blood cells that binds oxygen and helps to buffer the blood pH.

Hemoglobin

Match the type of hemoglobin with its description.

Hemoglobin HbA - the most common type in adult; contains two alpha globin chains and two beta globin chains. Hemoglobin HbA2 - about 2.5% of adult hemoglobin; contains two alpha globin chains and two delta globin chains. Hemoglobin HbF - fetal hemoglobin; contains two alpha globin chains and two gamma globin chains; it binds oxygen tightly.

Iron is a crucial component of which of the following?

Hemoglobin. Myoglobin. Cytochromes.

The rupture of red blood cells is called --.

Hemolysis

Which term refers to limiting blood loss from an injured vessel?

Hemostasis

What are some possible causes of leukocytosis?

Infection Allergy Dehydration

Which are functions of the circulatory system?

It neutralizes toxins and helps to destroy pathogens. It carries oxygen from the lungs to peripheral tissues and CO2 from peripheral tissues to the lungs. It helps to stabilize fluid distribution in the body.

The alternate term for a white blood cell (WBC) is --.

Leukocytes

The term -- is used to describe a WBC count of over 10,000 cells/microliter.

Leukocytosis

Match the blood cell disorder with its description.

Leukopenia - total WBC count below 5,000 WBCs/muL. Leukocytosis - total WBC count above 10,000 WBCs/muL. Leukemia - cancer of hemopoietic tissues resulting in high numbers of leukocytes. Polycythemia - abnormally high red blood cell count.

Which term refers to the development of white blood cells?

Leukopoiesis

Which of the following conditions is often accompanied by a decrease in the production of clotting factors?

Liver disease

Where does lymphoid hemopoiesis occur?

Lymphatic organs

Which agranulocyte is small and round with a relatively large, centrally-located nucleus?

Lymphocyte

Leukocytes called -- have diverse functions such as secretion of antibodies, destruction of cancer cells, and destruction of cells infected with viruses.

Lymphocytes

The formed elements of the blood are platelets, erythrocytes, and five types of leukocytes, which include eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, and --.

Lymphocytes

Monocytes that migrate into the tissues become phagocytes called --.

Macrophages.

Match the precursor cell with the cell(s) that arise from each.

Monoblast - monocyte Myeloblast - granulocytes Lymphoblast - lymphocytes Erythroblast - erythrocytes

-- are granulocytes that phagocytize bacteria.

Neutrophils

Plasma transports which of the following?

Nutrients from the digestive system. Dissolved gases. Nitrogenous wastes from the kidneys.

-- is the fluid component of blood, a complex mixture of water, proteins, nutrients, electrolytes, wastes, hormones and gases.

Plasma

What is serum?

Plasma from which fibrinogen has been removed.

Match the components of blood with their relative percentage.

Plasma: 47-63% Hematocrit: 37-52% Buffy Coat: 1% of less

The buffy coat is comprised of which of the following?

Platelets & leukocytes

Which statements about platelets are true?

Platelets are very small (2 to 4 nanometers in diameter). A normal platelet count ranges from 130,000 to 400,000 platelets/muL. They are not cells but small fragements of megakaryocytes.

What are the formed elements of the blood?

Platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells.

What are some functions of macrophages?

Present antigens. Destroy foreign antigens. Phagocytize dead cells.

Which is another term for clotting factors?

Procoagulants

Which is not true regarding the life cycle of erythrocytes?

Production of RBC takes about one month.

The term hemopoiesis refers to which of the following?

Production of blood

How do reticulocytes differ from mature red blood cells?

RBCs are more numerous; only 0.5-1.5% of circulating blood cells are reticulocytes. Reticulocytes have polyribosomes; RBCs do not.

List the components of blood.

Red blood cells. Plasma. White blood cells. Platelets.

Platelets perform which of the following functions?

Release factors that attract WBCs. Promote clotting and also initiate dissolution of clots. Release vasoconstrictors.

Which of the following may cause hemolytic anemia?

Snake and spider venom. Sickle cell disease, thalassemia, malaria. Blood type incompatibilities. Penicillin allergy.

-- is the most common ion found in the plasma and is the solute with the greatest influence on osmolarity of the blood.

Sodium

Albumin plays a role in which of the following?

Solute transport. pH buffering of plasma. Maintenance of osmolarity.

Old blood cells usually die as they pass through what organ?

Spleen

What is agglutination?

The production of large antigen-antibody complexes.

What is viscosity?

The resistance of a fluid to flow due to particle cohesion.

The enzyme -- converts fibrinogen into fibrin.

Thrombin

What is the function of an antibody?

To bind to an antigen and mark it for destruction.

Which are functions of the circulatory system?

Transportation of nutrients and gases. Stabilization of body fluid pH. Regulation of body temperature.

True or False: Leukocytes differ from erythrocytes in that they retain their organelles throughout life.

True.

True or False: Transfusion reactions occur when antibodies in the recipient's blood bind to the antigens of the donor's RBCs and agglutinate the donated blood.

True.

An individual with B antigens on their RBCs, but not A antigens, has which ABO blood type?

Type B.

Which is a nitrogenous waste that is transported in the plasma?

Urea

Which values are correct for human blood?

Volume in females: 4-5 L; volume in males: 5-6L. Osmolarity: 280-296 mOsm/L pH: 7.35-7.45 Total WBC count: 5,000-10,000/muL