Chapter 18: The Endocrine System

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

The adrenal medulla produces

catecholamines

The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the __________.

hypothalamus

The condition known as seasonal affective disorder (SAD) may be caused by

increased levels of melatonin

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is

insulin

Activity of which of the following cells is inhibited by calcitonin release?

osteoclasts

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

phosphorylation

Melatonin is produced by the

pineal gland

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

prolactin

Milk production is stimulated by ________, milk ejection is stimulated by ________.

prolactin; oxytocin

Identify the hormone labeled "1."

ACTH

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone

ADH

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is

aldosterone

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

At about 4pm in the afternoon, you could expect that ________ will be released if you have not eaten since 12pm

glucagon

Alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________

glucagon; insulin

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone

The pituitary gland is located within this structure.

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells.

target

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland

Identify the hormone labeled "4."

thyroid-stimulating hormone

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine