Chapter 18

Treaty of Westphalia

series of peace treaties that ended the 30 years war in the HRE, recognized independent authority of over 300 German princes

Dutch East India Company

spice trades, started controlling a lot of ports

divine right of kings

the belief propagate by absolutist monarchs that they derived their power from God and were only answerable to him

moral economy

the early modern European view that community needs predominated over competition and profit and that necessary goods should thus be sold at a fair price

Treaty of Augsburg

treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, an alliance of Lutheran princes, at the imperial city of Augsburg (present-day Bavaria)

Louis XIV

was king of France; one king, one law, one religon' "L'etat, c'est moi"; absolute leadership

Versailles

Palace that Louis put all the money into to represent power and his motto

Navigation Acts

Mid-seventeenth century English mercantilist laws that greatly restricted other countries rights to trade with England and its colonies.

Peter the Great

Russian Emperor; built Saint Petersburg; made lasting impact on Russian government

Bill of Rights 1689

a bill passed by Parliament and accepted by William and Mary that limited the powers of British monarchs and affirmed those of Parliament.

constitutionalism

a form of government in which power is limited by law and balanced between the authority and power of the government, on the one hand, and the rights and liberties of the subject or citizen, on the other; it includes constitutional monarchies and republic.

Republicanism

a form of government in which there is no monarch and power rests in the hands of the people as exercised through elected representatives.

Thirty Years War

a large-scale conflict extending from 1618 to 1648 that pitted Protestants against Catholics in central Europe, but also involved dynastic interests, notably of Spain and France.

absolutism

a political system common to early modern Europe in which monarchs claimed exclusive power to make and enforce laws, without checks by other institutions; this system was limited in practice by the need to maintain legitimacy and compromise with elites.

Protestant Reformation

a religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church

mercantilism

a system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state derived from the belief that a nation's international power was based on its wealth, specifically its supply of gold and silver.

Sovereignty

authority of states that possess a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries and in which private armies present no threat to central control; seventeenth century European states made important advances toward sovereignty

Austrian Habsuburgs

centralized government and had a permanent standing army; recovered former kingdom of Hungry

cossacks

free groups and outlaw armies living on the borders of Russian territory from the fourteenth century onward. By the end of the sixteenth century they had formed an alliance with the Russian state

Catholic Reformation

intellectual counter-force to Protestantism; the desire for reform within the Catholic Church had started before the spread of Luther; recognized faults in the papacy

Puritans

members of a sixteenth-century reform movement within the Church of England that advocated purifying it of Roman Catholic elements, such as bishops, elaborate ceremonials, and wedding rings.

Jesuits

members of the society of Jesus, founded by Ignatious Loyola and approved by the papacy in 1540, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith through humanistic school and missionary activity