Chapter 19 APUSH

Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations:

(YMCA and YWCA). Established in the 1850s and 1860s, respectively. These associations had boarding houses in cities where they provided temporary residences mainly to native-born, white, self-supporting men and women.

Gustavus Swift

A meat processing firm. Such firms controlled production at every step of the way from raw materials to processed goods.

Conspicuous consumption

A phenomenon identified by economist Thorstein Veblen that said that the rich spent money in extravagant, arrogant, showy ways for the purpose of being recognized as wealthy.

Jay Gould

A speculator who was known by the popular press as "The Worst Man in the World". It was believed that he gained his fortune from the labor of others. He quickly rose from his modest origins in western NY. He abandoned his tanning business for stock trading, and gained notoriety on Wall Street or bribing, threatening, and conspiring against his competitors. He took over the Erie Railroad by paying off NY legislator to get the state to finance the expansion. He sold off his shares for $9 after being threatened with arrest. Then he moved to the Union Pacific where he cut wages, precipitated strikes, and manipulated western/Plains states elections. He bought the leading newspaper/kept reporters in line by giving them valuable tips in stocks.

Fifth Avenue

A wealthy street in NYC. 5th Ave. and similar streets in other big cities had new mansions and townhouses, compared to the other streets with the dumbbell model homes.

National pastime

Activities that majority of Americans could find a common ground on. These included "rag", Vaudeville, and sports, but most specifically: the class-neutral Baseball.

Scott Joplin

African American composer who was introduced to many Northerners at the Chicago World's Fair in 1893. "Rag" became the staple of entertainment in the new cabarets/nightclubs.

Negro Leagues

African Americans were excluded from the National Sports Leagues, so they organized their own traveling teams. For baseball, in the 1920s the Negro Leagues were formed, and included some of the nation's best players

Coney Island

An amusement park on the southern edge of Brookyn, NY, which grew out of a collection of hotels, gambling, and prostitution parlors. Developers realized that "wholesome fun" for the masses would pay better than upper-class leisure, so turned Coney Island into a seaside park with water slides, roller coasters, fun houses, and more. It opened in 1895. Working class people could have cheap entertainment.

Chinese Exclusion Act

As a result of riots against the presence of some 322,000 Chinese immigrants in the United States, who arrived between 1850 and 1882, this act was passed by Congress in 1882. It banned any more immigrants from China, the naturalization of Chinese already present in the US, and limited civil rights of the existing Chinese population.

Tin Pan Alley

Created by German immigrants, this was the center of the industry which produced the popular music of the late 1800's, such as ballads, and later, the immensely popular ragtime, originating from African American music in New Orleans.

John Roebling

Designed the Brooklyn Bridge however he died early in its construction. His son Washington Roebling also designed the bridge but he became an invalid during its construction.

Booker T. Washington

Educator who encouraged African Americans to resist Greek and Latin learning and to strive instead for practical instruction. He founded the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1881.

Albert Spaulding: Entrepreneur who became manager then president of the Chicago White Stockings. He quickly saw baseball as a source of multiple profits. He procured the exclusive rights to manufacture the official ball/rulebook while producing large varieties of other sporting equipment. He also built impressive baseball parks in Chicago with seating for 10,000 and special private boxes above the grandstands for the wealthy. He became the foremost figure in the National League. He also succeeded in tightening the rules of participation in the sport. He dictated the "reserve clause" that prevented players from the negotiating a better deal and leaving the team that originally signed them (1879). He encouraged his player-manager "Cap" Anson to forbid the White Stockings to play against any team with an African-American member, setting a standard for professional baseball.

Entrepreneur who became manager then president of the Chicago White Stockings. He quickly saw baseball as a source of multiple profits. He procured the exclusive rights to manufacture the official ball/rulebook while producing large varieties of other sporting equipment. He also built impressive baseball parks in Chicago with seating for 10,000 and special private boxes above the grandstands for the wealthy. He became the foremost figure in the National League. He also succeeded in tightening the rules of participation in the sport. He dictated the "reserve clause" that prevented players from the negotiating a better deal and leaving the team that originally signed them (1879). He encouraged his player-manager "Cap" Anson to forbid the White Stockings to play against any team with an African-American member, setting a standard for professional baseball.

Labor Day

First celebrated in the 1880s, Labor Day became a national holiday in 1894. It celebrated the American laborer. The day came about after the AFL triumphed over the Knights of Labor in size and respectability.

Nation Labor Union

Formed in 1866 by William Sylvis, this organization sought to halt the spread of the wage system. The NLU held annual conventions at which they passed resolutions advocating banking reform to permit workers to borrow enough money to launch their own factories. It achieved maximum enrollment of about 300,000 members but disintegrated after the death of Sylvis. It's goal was never achieved.

Knights of Labor

Founded by a group of Philadelphia garment cutters in 1869. It was the largest labor organization in the 19th century. The order sought to bring together all wage earners regardless of skill in brotherhood and unification. By 1885 the Knights enrolled 110,000 members. They endorsed reform measures.

National League

Founded in 1876, this league supported many sports, but particularly favored baseball (as did the public). It raised ticket prices, banned alcohol, and refused to play on Sundays in order to appeal to calm middle class baseball fans, since the alternate (American Association) game crowds were rowdy, and almost always inebriated.

John D. Rockefeller

Founder of the Standard Oil Company (1870). He recognized the urgency of bringing order to what he viewed was becoming chaos. He secured preferable rates from railroads to transport oil, then convinced/coerced other local oil operators to sell their stock to him, and by 1880 he controlled over 90% of the nation's oil refining industry.

Kindergarten

Generally for white children, the first was opened in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1873. By 1900, over 4,,000 of these were open in the United States for children aged 3-7. This also prompted the prominence of public high schools, and schooling in general.

Centennial Exposition of 1876

Held in Philadelphia this celebrated the American Revolution (100 years before) as well as the industrial/technological promise of the new century. Its central theme was power. In the main building the emperor of Brazil marked the opening day by throwing a switch on a giant steam engine.

Mail order

Mail order houses appeared after the Civil War and accompanied the railroad lines/expansion of the postal system. Mail order houses were based in Chicago and drew rural/urban consumers into one marketplace. Sears, Roebuck and Company as well as Montgomery Ward (both started with mail order catalogues) featured a large variety of goods. Mail order catalogues returned rural folks to the fruits of their own labor (processed/packaged).

Gospel of exercise

Name given by one sporting goods entrepreneur to middle-class leisure activities that involved men/women in calisthenics and outdoor activities. These were more for physical/mental discipline than for pleasure/amusement. A favorite activity was hiking, as well as roller skating, ice skating, and bicycling (all of which were invented after the Civil War).

Sherman Antitrust Act

Passed by Congress in 1890 to protect trade and commerce and to restore competition by encouraging small businesses. The Act outlawed any restraint on trade, which also outlawed trade unions because they interrupted the free flow of labor, and supported the consolidation of businesses. By 1902 more than 2,600 firms vanished, but by 1910 all the major industrial giants that would dominate the American economy until the last half of the century had already been created.

Samuel Gompers

President of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). He refused to include unskilled workers (African Americans/women/most new immigrants). He stated, "a heterogeneous stew of divergent and discordant customs, languages, and institutions" was "impossible to organize" and unworthy of equal status.

Horatio Alger

Published more than 100 rags-to-riches novels celebrating the outrageous good fortune of self made men.

Suburbs

Residential areas on the outskirts of cities where people who worked in the cities could live. Mass transportation allowed these workers to commute to their jobs in cities everyday. New retail and service businesses opened in these areas as well.

Morrill Act

Sponsored by VT Representative Justin Morrill, this act (formally known as the Morrill Federal Land Grant of 1862) funded a system of state colleges and universities for teaching mechanics/agriculture "without excluding other scientific and classic studies".

Ragtime

Style of dance which found its way North from New Orleans, LO. This was created by African American/creole bands. It captivated teenage offspring of immigrants who rushed to dance halls.

Social Darwinism

Survival of the fittest--those fittest to rise to the top in the labor force would, such as those most willing to work and persevere.

Andrew Carnegie

The "richest man in the world". He represented the "captain of industry" who had risen from a low class as a poor Scottish immigrant through diligence and who refused to worship wealth for its own sake. A genius in vertical integration, he built an empire in steel, and raised the industry to the same financial power as railroads. By 1900 he managed the most efficient steel mills in the world and accounted for ⅓ of the American steel production. He was a patron to the arts but still underpaid his employees and harshly managed their work lives.

"Gilded Age"

The era following the Civil War that favored the growth of a new class that pursued money and leisure. After the war the upper class Americans formed national networks to consolidate their power, through connecting their interests by joining the same groups (religious/charitable/athletic/educational/professional/vacations). Social Register identified the 500 families that controlled most of the nation's wealth.

Alexander Graham Bell

The inventor of the telephone. Patented it in 1876. The telephone signaled the rise of the United States to world leadership in industrial technology.

James Duke

The owner of the American Tobacco Company, he tried to monopolize his industry by owning and controlling every process which supported his product, from the growth of tobacco to it's final mass production in cigarettes, and their delivery.

Chain stores

The same business and name in different locations. By 1900 about 6 grocery chains had been created. Chain stores sold things like groceries, drugs, costume jewelry, shoes, cigars, furniture, etc, and sold a greater selection of goods at lower prices than small independent stores did. Small businesses were hurt financially.

Outwork:

The system where families work from home on sewing machines or by hand for the company. This system was established well before the Civil War but was a competing method of production for companies during this industrial increase of the late 1800s.

New immigrants

These refugees from political and economic struggles in Europe came to the United States cities in droves, because of the promise of work and superior wages. Many returned to their mother countries after saving enough money, others were naturalized. They were responsible for the diverse communities within United States cities.

Department stores

These stores, filled with large quantities and varied types of products thanks to the modernization of mass production, became centers for all of the services which had previously been provided by restaurants, specialty shops, rest rooms, ticket agencies, reading rooms, post offices, and nurseries, in addition to acting as a regular store. They began to appear in urban areas after the Civil War, with splendorous large buildings and expensive decor.

Tuskegee

This Alabama town became home home of Booker T. Washington's "______ Institute" in 1881, in order to provide industrial, practical education for African American men, women, and youth, as well as moral models. By 1900, it enrolled 1,400 in various vocational courses, such as cooking for homemakers and servants, and also enough teachers so that black colleges were eventually staffed entirely by blacks.

Newport

This Rhode Island town was home to a rich community of "cottages," meaning summer home mansions, built to enable consumption. Polo, lawn tennis, rowing, yachting, and golfing occupied the time of the youth in these communities, and their elders generally only golfed and yachted. The houses were designed by H.H. Richardson.

Gospel of wealth

This idea, created by those Americans who became immensely rich through the monopolization of industry, mass production, and various business leadership roles, inserted the accumulation into basic Protestant Christian teaching. The resulting ideology taught that to gain wealth honestly was a christian duty, and a christian action in a world of corrupt money-grabbing. Hard work and perseverance were practical ideas of Biblical teaching, and this idea popularized and spread it, but for the amassing of wealth. Unfortunately, some misused this idea to justify power plays and manipulation in order to become richer.

Thomas Alva Edison

This inventor revolutionized American technology, in the form of mimeograph, multiplex telegraph, and stock ticker, and those only before he turned thirty. In 1876 he opened one of the first Industrial Research laboratories, in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Within this laboratory many scientists and researchers worked, and as a single unit under this mans leadership, they invented an incandescent lamp which burned for more than thirteen hours in 1879, founded the Edison Electric Light Company in 1882, and also made one of the first motion picture cameras.

Frederick Law Olmsted

This man was the most prominent American landscape Architect, and planned the complex maps of urban cities, made up of buildings, rails, roads, and piping, particularly for Boston's wealthy Black Bay district. (I believe that is what a landscape architect is, who makes the city layout)

Convict labor

This southern system was used to build any sort of Public Works, in rural and populated areas. It treated the laborers like criminals. Many were, but because 90% of the laborers at the time were African American, the officials occasionally captured black strangers and placed them alongside the criminals. They were housed in cages and chained as criminals, even as they worked, with high rates of mortality.

Haymarket Square

This tragedy occurred on May 4, 1886, as Knights of Labor members protested against police violence against past protests. However, an unknown individual threw a bomb at the police, which killed one and fatally wounded 7 others. As a result, the police fired into the crowd, and broke up several other Union protests, raided Labor offices, and arrested leaders. The Knights of Labor movement was completely undermined, as the Labor movement began to be considered a violent revolutionary group. Companies no longer negotiated with the Knights of Labor, and reverted reforms back into their old problems in the workplace.

Vertical/horizontal combination

Through vertical integration a firm aspired to control production at every step (raw to finished). Through horizontal combination a firm/company attempted to gain control of the market with one item. These secured unprecedented control over output/prices and produced a highly concentrated business economy over which few large firms prevailed.

Dumbbell

Typical model of tenements in NYC after the Civil War. The majority of the population who worked in factories lived in these tenements which were designed to maximize the use of space. It sat on a lot 25ftx100ft and rose 5 stories. Each floor was divided into 4 family units (no more than 3 rooms each). One room was the combined cooking/living area and the others were bedrooms.