Chapter 19 Homework Questions

To help prevent healthcare-associated infections, the CDC established the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HIPAC), which has the role of ______________ for surveillance, prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections. -establishing regulations and requirements -providing advice and recommended guidelines

providing advice and recommended guidelines

Epidemiologists are usually more interested in the _____ of a particular disease, as it compares to the population as a whole, rather than the sheer number of cases. -symptoms -rate -physical appearance

rate

The natural habitat of a pathogen, which might include humans, non-human animals, or the environment, is called the _____________ of infection

reservoir

By using a machine that pumps a measured volute of air against the surface of an agar plate, it has been shown that the number of bacteria in air _______________ in proportion to the number of people in a room. -rises -falls

rises

airborne transmission (a type of indirect transmission)

small droplets from which fluid evaporates to create droplet nuclei

Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, is found widespread in soils. Therefore, the reservoir for this organism is considered to be which one of the following? -Human -Soil -Zoonotic disease

soil

Match the season with the typical diseases vector and foodborne diseases

summer

True or false Because of the widespread use of antimicrobial drugs in hospitals, many organisms causing nosocomial infections have become resistant to these medications.

true

What type of healthcare-associated infection is the most common? -respiratory tract -surgical site -urinary tract

urinary tract

A ___________ is any living organism (commonly an arthropod) that can carry a disease-causing microbe externally or internally.

vector

Successful pathogens have ______________ factors that enable them to adhere to a host or penetrate host cells

virulence

Match the season with the typical disease respiratory diseases

winter

Diseases that can be transmitted from one host to another, such as influenza, are called which of the following? -Communicable diseases -Contagious -Non-communicable diseases

-Communicable diseases -Contagious

When people talk, sneeze, laugh, cough, and sing, they discharge microbes in liquid droplets referred to as which of the following? -Droplet nuclei -The dose -Nosocomial -Fomites

-Droplet nuclei

Patients with infectious diseases are often hospitalized and may inadvertently spread the diseases to others. How can this be prevented? -Letting the patient roam about -Scrupulous cleaning -Use of disinfectants

-Scrupulous cleaning -Use of disinfectants

Which would be the most effective mechanism for determining the number of viable organisms in air? -Place an uncovered agar plate in a room for 2 days, and then determine the number of colonies after incubation -Use a machine that pumps a measured volume of air against the surface of an agar plate

-Use a machine that pumps a measured volume of air against the surface of an agar plate

Which of the following are mechanisms to prevent airborne transmission of pathogens? -Keep workspaces at least 1 meter (3 feet) apart -Ventilation systems that constantly change air -Circulate air through high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters -Lower the air pressure in hospital microbiology laboratories

-Ventilation systems that constantly change air -Circulate air through high-efficiency particulate (HEPA) filters -Lower the air pressure in hospital microbiology laboratories

A healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is one acquired in a -doctor's office -urgent care facility -hospital -long-term care facility -health club

-doctor's office -urgent care facility -hospital -long-term care facility

Droplet transmission of infectious agents can be prevented by -washing fruits and vegetables -having people cover their mouth when they sneeze or cough -placing desks more than 3 meters apart -wearing gloves when shaking hands

-having people cover their mouth when they sneeze or cough -placing desks more than 3 meters apart

To help prevent healthcare-associated infections, the CDC established the Healthcare Infection Control Practices _____________ Committee -Regulatory -Advisory

Advisory

____________ studies are designed to determine which of the potential risk factors identified by the descriptive studies are relevant in the spread of the disease.

Analytical

Mosquitos that harbor the malarial parasite Plasmodium transmit the parasite and play an essential role in its life cycle. Such vectors are called which of the following? -Mechanical vectors -Biological vectors

Biological vectors

A _______ study looks ahead to see if the risk factors identified by previous studies predict a tendency to develop the disease.

Cohort

To exclude airborne microbes from rooms in which extremely susceptible patients reside, which type of filters is used? -Depth -Membrane -HEPA

HEPA

Some descendants of Northern European ancestry are genetically less susceptible to which of the following infections because they lack a specific receptor on their white blood cells. -HIV -Smallpox -Malaria

HIV

A disease is not likely to spread within a population if 90% or more of the individuals are immune to the disease agent. This is called which of the following? -Incubation period -Herd immunity -Pervious exposure

Herd immunity

_____________ contact involves transfer of pathogens via inanimate objects such as doorknobs, drinking glasses, or clothing

Indirect

Flies landing on feces can pick up intestinal pathogens on their legs and transfer them to food. The flies are serving as which type of vector? -Biological -Mechanical

Mechanical

In week one, there are 5 deaths due to Ebola. By the end of week two the death count increases to 33. At the end of week three, a total of 45 have died from the disease. Which of the following rates is increasing? -Prevalence -Morbidity -Mortality

Mortality

Which of the following are sometimes implicated in outbreaks of nosocomial infections in healthcare settings? -Personnel who are elderly -Personnel who are carriers of pathogenic microbes -Personnel who are aware of pathogenic microbes

Personnel who are carriers of pathogenic microbes

In which type of epidemic does the number of ill people rise gradually? -Common source -Propagated

Propagated

The bacterial genus _____________ is resistant to many disinfectants and antimicrobial drugs and causes many nosocomial infections.

Pseudomonas

Many hospitals minimize airflow to operating rooms by using which of the following so that air from the hallways does not enter the room? -Slight pressure -High pressure -Filters

Slight pressure

Humans can serve as reservoirs for most communicable diseases. Which situation is easier to control? -Asymptomatic carriers -Symptomatic infections

Symptomatic infections

In week one, there are 30 cases of a specific disease. At the end of week two there are a total of 80 cases. By the end of the third week, there are 150 cases. What does the prevalence rate indicate? -The disease is decreasing throughout the population -The disease is spreading throughout the population

The disease is spreading throughout the population

How do malnutrition, overcrowding, and fatigue affect people's susceptibility to infectious disease? -The generally have no affect on it. -They increase it -They decrease it.

They increase it

An epidemic of typhoid fever in a Swiss ski resort occurred only in which groups of individuals because the locals rarely drank water, preferring wine instead. -Tourists -Locals

Tourists

True or false Insertion of a urinary catheter increases the risk of developing a urinary tract infection.

True

True or false Some pathogens are more likely to cause disease than others when transmitted to a new host.

True

If an HIV-infected pregnant woman transfers HIV to her fetus, this is called which of the following? Horizontal transmission Vertical transmission

Vertical transmission

Diseases that can be transmitted to humans but mainly exist in other animals are called which of the following? -Zoonoses -Zoonotic diseases -Environmental reservoirs

Zoonoses Zoonotic diseases

In a case-control study, the controls should share which characteristics with the cases -age -socioeconomic status -disease symptoms -gender

age socioeconomic status gender

The ________ rate is the proportion of individuals developing illness within a population exposed to an infectious agent.

attack

Which of the following types of studies take into account past events that may have led up to the onset of the disease? -Cohort studies -Cross-sectional studies -Case-control studies

case control studies

Which type of study starts with the disease and attempts to identify the causative chain of events leading to it? -Prospective -Experimental -Case-control study

case control study

The ___________ - ________________ rate is the percentage of a population that dies from a specific disease

case fatality

The spread of an infectious disease follows a series of steps called the __________ of infection

chian

John Snow performed an epidemiological study in the 1800s to figure out the cause of a ____________ outbreak.

cholera

An epidemic in which the patients were all exposed to a single source of the infectious agent is called a ____________ - ___________ epidemic

common-source

If Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis) gained the ability to survive for long periods of time in the environment, then transmission from one host to another -could be indirect as well as direct -would still only be direct

could be indirect as well as direct

When pathogens from one food are transferred to another, this is referred to as ________ - contamination

cross

A ___________ - ______________ study surveys a range of people to determine the prevalence of risk factors associated with disease.

cross - sectional

The infectious ______ is the minimum number of a particular microbe required to cause disease

dose

Disease outbreaks involving contaminated municipal ____________ systems can be very widespread -wastewater -drinking water

drinking water

If an outbreak of a vector-borne disease occurs, which is the most obvious way to control it? -Treat drinking water -Eliminate arthropods -Treat wastewater -Cook foods thoroughly

eliminate arthropods

the fungal disease histoplasmosis, which is constantly present in the Mississippi and Ohio River drainage area

endemic

cholera, when it was reintroduced into Haiti

epidemic

Also called "disease detectives," ________________ collect and analyze data to describe the sources of disease and risk the infection.

epidemiologists

The body surface or orifice from which a pathogen is shed is called the portal of __________

exit

An __________________ study is generally used to evaluate the effectiveness of a treatment or an intervention in preventing disease.

experimental

In a disease outbreak, the index case is the -person who had the most severe symptoms -first person who developed the disease -person who was first diagnosed with the disease

first person who developed the disease

An inanimate object (such as a doorknob) that can transmit infectious agents is called a ______________

fomite

Healthcare workers should wear protective gear such as disposable _______________ if they are at risk of touching blood, mucous membranes, broken skin, or body fluids.

gloves

Transfer of a pathogen from your pet to you is an example of which type of transmission? vertical horizontal

horizontal

A morbidity rate refers to the relative amount of -illness in a population -death in a population

illness in a population

The time it takes before a pathogen begins to cause symptoms of disease is called the __________ period

incubation

Transfer of a pathogen from one host to another via an inanimate object is an example of -direct transmission -indirect transmission

indirect transmission

Many hospitals employ an ____________ ___________ practitioner whose role is to perform active surveillance of the types and numbers of infections that arise in the hospital.

infection control

droplet transmission (a type of direct transmission)

large droplets that generally

The ________ of disease acquisition identifies the general site of contact between the person and the infectious agent. -person -location -timing

location

Many health-care associated infections originate from the patient's own microbial population called the normal __________.

microbiota

A young child does not have a fully developed immune system and therefore is generally ______ vulnerable to disease. -more -less

more

Groups who eat raw freshwater fish are more or less likely to acquire tapeworms than those who eat cooked fish. Less More

more

a cluster of botulism cases arising from a group picnic

outbreak

a new type of influenza that is infecting large numbers of people on several continents

pandemic

An epidemic that occurs when a disease is contagious, with one person transmitting it to several others is called a _____________ epidemic

propagated

In which of the following studies do epidemiologists collect data that characterize those that are ill and the time and place of a disease outbreak, so that a list of possible risk factors may be compiled? -Descriptive -Prospective -Retrospective

Descriptive