Chapter 19: Revolutions in Politics (ca. 1775-1815)

What was the Thermidorian Reaction?

A reaction to the violence of the Reign of Terror in 1794, resulting in the execution of Robespierre and the loosening of economic controls

Source: Speech by revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre, February 1794 "The French are the first people in the world who have established true democracy by calling all men to equality and to full enjoyment of the rights of citizenship...Since virtue (good citizenship) and relate all of your measures to the maintenance of equality and the development of virtue...that which is immoral and impolitic and that which tends to corrupt is counter-revolutionary. Weakness, vices, and prejudices are the road to monarchy...It is necessary to annihilate both the internal and external enemies of the republic or perish with its fall" What gave rise to ideas such as those presented in this document?

Fear by the Mountain that moderates were not true supporters of revolution

The impact of Napoleon's Grand Empire on the peoples of Europe included all of the following consequences except... - feudal dues and serfdom was abolished, which benefited some of the peasants and middle class -french rule sparked the emergence of a patriotic nationalism in many lands -france came to be regarded as a benevolent liberating force -France came to be regarded as a conquering, tyrannical regime

France came to be regarded as a conquering, tyrannical regime

What was the Napoleonic Code?

French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of all male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth and private property, as well as restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws

How did Napoleon obtain power in France in 1799?

He ousted the directory by force

After rebellion led by Toussaint L'Ouverture and Jean Jacques Dessalines, what was the significance of Haiti?

It was the first state to abolish slavery

Source: Preamble to the "Declaration of the Rights of Man", August 1789 "The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect or contempt of the rights of man are the sole causes of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, inalienable, and sacred rights of man... in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution of redound to the happiness of all" The production of this document was a direct result of what historical event?

Louis XVI's attempt to disperse the National Assembly

What occurred during the Hundred Days in France?

Napoleon returned from exile to rule France briefly

Which of the following was not a theater (battlefield) for the Seven Years' War? -Europe -North America -Southeast Asia -India

Southeast Asia

Source: Speech by revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre, February 1794 "The French are the first people in the world who have established true democracy by calling all men to equality and to full enjoyment of the rights of citizenship...Since virtue (good citizenship) and relate all of your measures to the maintenance of equality and the development of virtue...that which is immoral and impolitic and that which tends to corrupt is counter-revolutionary. Weakness, vices, and prejudices are the road to monarchy...It is necessary to annihilate both the internal and external enemies of the republic or perish with its fall" What ruling body did these thoughts eventually give rise to?

The Committee of Public Safety

Who became one of George Washington's most trusted generals and a leader in the French Revolution?

The Marquis de Lafayette

How did the Mountain outmaneuver the Girondists in 1793?

The Mountain joined with san-culottes activists to engineer a popular rebellion in which armed san-culottes forced the arrest of 29 Girondist deputies

Which event sparked the "first Revolution" in France 1789?

The storming of the Bastille by urban French peasants

What are the characteristics of the Wage-earners/urban poor in the third estate of France?

Their wages did not increase with the cost of living, and this group of people are very significant during the French Revolution

What did the Russians and Austrian's proclaim at the Troppau Conference in 1820?

Their willingness to intervene to maintain autocratic empires throughout Europe

What are characteristics of the Bourgeoisie in the third estate of France?

They were the intellectual laborers such as lawyers, merchants, and bankers. they owned 20% of the land and were able to hold government positions

The efforts of the French to retain control of Saint-Domingue turned in their favor when...

Toussaint L'Ouverture joined the French cause, bringing his military and political skills along with his 4000 well-trained soldiers

What was the Continental System?

a blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, thereby weakening the British economy and military

What caused for the Third Estate to leave the Estates General and declare themselves instead the National Assembly in 1789?

a debate over voting procedure

What was the Estates General?

a legislative body in pre-revolutionary France made up of representatives o each of the three classes, or estates. It was called into session in 1789 for the first time since 1614

Who were the Girondists?

a moderate group that fought for control of the French National Convention in 1793

What was the Jacobin Club?

a political club in revolutionary France whose members were well-educated radical republicans

What was the Tennis Court Oath?

created the National Assembly

One of the key provisions of the Congress of Vienna was...

establish the principle of Balance of Power

What was the second revolution in France?

from 1792-1795, the second phase of the French Revolution, during which the fall of the French monarchy introduced a rapid radicalization of politics.

How did John Locke influence thinking during this time?

he argued that representation in parliament would protect the rights of english citizens, this idea appealed to the educated middle class and sparked ideas of revolution

How did Baron de Montesquieu influence thinking during this time?

he believed that intermediary groups would help defend liberty and the rights of the people, this appealed to hereditary nobility and and sparked ideas of revolution

How what was France spending half of their budget on in 1780's?

interests payment on debt

What are the characteristics of the first estate of France

is the smallest estate with about 100,000 and is made up by the Clergy, they own 10% of land, have a tithe collected annually, and give a donation to the king every 5 years

Who was the Mountain

led by Robespierre, the French National Convention's radical faction, which seized legislative power in 1793

Source: Preamble to the "Declaration of the Rights of Man", August 1789 "The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect or contempt of the rights of man are the sole causes of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, inalienable, and sacred rights of man... in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution of redound to the happiness of all" This document represents ideas that would be considered:

liberal

The Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen represented what ideal?

liberal rebolutionary ideal

What is a tithe?

one tenth of annual produce or earnings, formerly taken as a tax for the support of the Church and clergy.

During the period of the National Assembly, progress made could be considered:

progress towards enlightenment Liberal ideals

In "Reflections on the Revolution in France", Edmund Burke claims what?

that the French Revolution, like the American Revolution, signaled a basic human desire for freedom

Source: Speech by revolutionary Maximilien Robespierre, February 1794 "The French are the first people in the world who have established true democracy by calling all men to equality and to full enjoyment of the rights of citizenship...Since virtue (good citizenship) and relate all of your measures to the maintenance of equality and the development of virtue...that which is immoral and impolitic and that which tends to corrupt is counter-revolutionary. Weakness, vices, and prejudices are the road to monarchy...It is necessary to annihilate both the internal and external enemies of the republic or perish with its fall" What impact did the Sans-culottes have on revolutionary politics?

the Sans-culottes supported more radical ideas and had power and influence in the city of Paris

What events caused France to go almost bankrupt?

the Seven Years' War and the American War of Independence

What was the Grand Empire in France?

the empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia

What was the Great Fear?

the fear of noble reprisals against peasant uprisings that seized the French countryside and led to further revolt

What was the National Assembly?

the first french revolutionary legislature, made up primarily of representatives of the third estate and a few from the nobility and clergy, in session from 1789-1791

Who were the sans-culottes?

the laboring poor of Paris, so called because the men wore trousers instead of the knee breeches of the aristocracy and middle class; the word came to refer to the militant radicals of the city

What were estates?

the three legal categories, or orders, of France's inhabitants: the clergy, the nobility, and everyone else

Who were the Nobility of the Robe?

these were people who earned nobility by buying it, they were newer and wealthier then the Nobility of the Sword

Who were the Nobility of the Sword?

these were people who gained there nobility by earning it, such as fighting for France

What are characteristics of the rural masses/peasantry of the third Estate of France?

they made up over 80% of the population, owned 40% of the land, and became increasingly resentful of seigniorial privileges

What are the characteristics of the third estate of France?

this is the largest estate that involves everyone else who aren't in the first or second estate. There is another Hierarchy inside this estate which consists of (highest to lowest) the Bourgeoisie, Wage-earners/urban poor, and the Rural Masses/Peasantry

What did Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges argue regarding rights?

women should be included in the liberal ideal of equality

Klemens von Metternich, the Austrian foreign minister would be associated with which political ideal?

Conservatism

How did preparations for the meeting of the Estates General affect the political environment?

Delegates in each electoral district prepared lists of grievances, which galvanized demands for reform

At the Estate's General the primary issue that led to failure to solve the debt issue was...

Disagreements by the 3 estates about how voting should work

The king responded to the Oath of the Tennis Court in all the following ways except? -He promised to revoke noble and clerical privileges -He mad a conciliatory speech to the Estates General urging reform -He asserted his divine right to rule and dismissed his more liberal ministers -He called 18 thousand troops towards Paris

He promised to revoke noble and clerical privileges

What are the characteristics of the second estate of France?

it is medium sized and made up of the nobility. They are exempt from taxes, own 20-25% of land, dominated government positions, and would block tax reform. There is another hierarchy inside this estate which is the Nobility of the Sword being above the Nobility of the Robe

What are seigniorial privileges?

the privileges of nobles and clergy

What was the Reign of Terror?

The period from 1793 to 1794 during which Robespierre's Committee of Public Safety tried and executed thousands suspected of treason and a new revolutionary culture was imposed.