Chapter 19 - Sex Differences in Sport and Exercise

Lower VO2max values in women are largely attributed to

- lower oxidative potential - lower hemoglobin concentrations - lower cardiac output

________________ is defined as the absence of menstruation.

Amenorrhea

__________________ is an eating disorder characterized by a distorted body image, intense fear of gaining weight, amenorrhea, and extremely low caloric intake.

Anorexia nervosa

Why is the prevalence of eating disorders often underestimated?

Athletes often lie about eating habits.

___________________ is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent eating binges, regular purging behaviors, and a lack of control during eating binges.

Bulimia nervosa

________________ are a group of clinically defined eating abnormalities that must meet specific criteria before diagnosis can be made.

Eating disorders

T/F: Competition during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle consistently leads to better performance and more record setting.

False

T/F: Estrogen leads to slower, prolonged bone growth.

False

T/F: There are significant overall sex differences in how men and women respond to chronic exercise training.

False

T/F: Women and men have similar maximal oxygen uptake values.

False

T/F: Women and men have similar maximal stroke volumes but different maximal heart rates.

False

___________________is the occurrence of the first menstrual period.

Menarche

What is the postulated connection between delayed menarche and sport?

Naturally late-developing girls may be selectively drawn to sports.

__________________ is a generalized loss of bone mass that occurs with aging but has not necessarily reached clinical significance yet.

Osteopenia

___________________ is a severe loss of bone mass with accompanying deterioration of the bone matrix, leading to increased risk of skeletal fractures.

Osteoporosis

_______________ are defined as any abnormal fetal development during pregnancy.

Teratogenic effects

____________________ is the male sex hormone that increases bone and muscle mass.

Testosterone

T/F: A greater percentage of women's total muscle mass (vs. men's) is located in the lower body.

True

T/F: Amenorrhea or anorexia nervosa can contribute to the development of osteoporosis.

True

T/F: Many of the concerns related to exercising during pregnancy are still unresolved, so an exercise program should be undertaken only after consultation with an obstetrician.

True

T/F: Recommendations from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) support mild to moderate exercise three or more days a week for pregnant women.

True

T/F: Women have lower lung volumes compared to men because they have smaller lungs.

True

T/F: Young female gymnasts would be at high risk for developing eating disorders.

True

An amenorrheic athlete would most likely be found on the ____________ team. a. cross country b. basketball c. softball d. field hockey

a. cross country

Which category of sport is NOT at high risk for eating disorders? a. team sports b. appearance-conscious sports c. weight-classification sports d. endurance sports

a. team sports

Which of the following statements about sex differences in muscle fibers is false? a. Muscle fiber capillarization is similar between men and women. b. Women have more lower-body fiber hypertrophy than men do. c. Women have smaller fiber diameters than men. d. Fiber type distribution is similar between men and women.

b. Women have more lower-body fiber hypertrophy than men do.

Which of these is NOT a contributing factor to the development of osteoporosis? a. amenorrhea b. high estrogen concentrations c. sedentary lifestyle d. inadequate calcium intake

b. high estrogen concentrations

Even after intense training in both male and female elite athletes, which event will likely exhibit the most noticeable sex-specific difference in performance? a. marathon b. shot put c. 1,500 m run d. freestyle swimming

b. shot put

Hormone replacement during menopause increase the risk of

blood clot

Which of these statements about menopause is true? a. Hormone replacement is beneficial and free of health risks. b. Bone mass increases after menopause. c. Exercise can help manage some symptoms of menopause. d. Research consistently shows exercise improves vasomotor symptoms of menopause.

c. Exercise can help manage some symptoms of menopause.

Which of these groups of women most likely has the lowest bone density? a. amenorrheic runners b. eumenorrheic runners c. eumenorrheic untrained d. amenorrheic untrained

d. amenorrheic untrained

At a given absolute submaximal aerobic intensity, _______________ will be similar between men and women. a. heart rate b. VO2max c. stroke volume d. cardiac output

d. cardiac output

Amenorrheic athletes are more likely to also exhibit

disordered eating

Any pattern of eating that is considered abnormal but does not yet meet clinical diagnostic criteria is known as

disordered eating

When caloric intake is significantly lower than caloric expenditure, this is called ____________ and can result in menstrual dysfunction.

energy deficit

Testosterone stimulates production of _____________, a hormone secreted from the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

erythropoietin

The hormone ____________ stimulates breast development and fat deposition on the hips and thighs in women.

estrogen

The term for normal menstrual function is

eumenorrhea

Exercise during pregnancy may lead to a higher risk of ________________ (insufficient oxygen supply to the fetus) or _______________________ (elevated fetal temperature).

fetal hypoxia, fetal hyperthermia

The menstrual cycles can be divided into three phases: the __________ phase (uterine lining is shed and bleeding occurs), the ___________________ phase (uterine lining thickens and prepares for fertilization), and the ___________________ phase (uterine lining continues to thicken).

flow, proliferative, secretory

_______________ and _________________________ are the gonadotropic hormones that stimulate the ovaries or testes to secrete female or male sex hormones.

follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone

The menstrual and proliferative phases of the uterine cycle correspond to the ___________ phase of the ovarian cycle.

follicular

Resistance to fatigue is _________ in women compared to men.

greater

Women have lower concentrations of ___________, the blood protein responsible for transporting oxygen, than men.

hemoglobin

The clinical recommendation for treatment of the female athlete triad is

increased caloric intake

Regional fat deposition is determined by the enzyme

lipoprotein lipase

Women have greater fat deposition on their hips and thighs due to local increased activity of

lipoprotein lipase

Although exceptions can and do exist, generally women have ________ VO2max values compared to men.

lower

During maximal exercise, cardiac output in women is __________ than in men.

lower

The _________ phase of the ovarian cycle corresponds with progesterone production.

luteal

Disruptions of the normal menstrual cycle are collectively known by the term

menstrual dysfunction

When lower body strength is expressed relative to fat-free mass, women are ________ than men.

no different

If menses are irregular or inconsistent, with unpredictable cycle lengths ranging between 36 and 90 days, this is known as

oligomenorrhea

The presence of irregular or inconsistent menstrual cycles is known as

oligomenorrhea

When menarche is delayed until at least age 15, this is known as

primary amenorrhea

With exercise during pregnancy, fetal hypoxia would be the result of

reduced blood flow to the uterus

When menses cease for over 90 days in girls or women who were previously menstruating, this is known as

secondary amenorrhea

When men and women exhibit different physiological responses to a given stimulus, these differences are more formally known as ___________ differences.

sex-specific

At submaximal intensities, cardiac output in women is ______ compared to men at the same intensity.

similar

Muscle fiber hypertrophy and gains in strength are generally ______ in women when compared to men.

similar

The demographic group at highest risk for eating disorders is

young female athletes