Chapter 2: Deductive Arguments

(Good Arguments:) Good arguments are further divided into what?

"Abductively Strong and Inductively Strong"

(Good Arguments:) Good arguments are first divided into what two categories?

"Not Deductively Valid" and "Deductively Valid"

"Validity" Is a Technical Term: What is the difference between what "valid" means in ordinary English and what philosophers and logicians mean by "valid"?

First, philosophers and logicians never say that a statement or an idea is valid or invalid. Second, an argument can be valid even if the statements it contains are wildly implausible (a valid argument can have false premises and a false conclusion).

(Deductive Validity Defined:) A deductively valid argument is an argument that has the following property.

IF its premises were true, its conclusion would have to be true.

(Good Arguments:) A good argument should contain what?

a true premises; if they are false, how could they give you good reasons to believe the conclusion?

(Logical Form:) If an argument is in the logical form it automatically is what?

all invalid or all valid

(Good Arguments:) Which of the divisions of a good argument are "mutually exclusive" aka if an argument belongs to one of these categories, it can't belong to the other?

deductively valid, inductively strong, and abductively strong

(Deductive Validity Defined:) Misconception of a valid argument

it need not a true premise, but what is required is that the conclusion would have to be true IF the premises were true

(Good Arguments:) A good argument is what?

rationally persuasive; it gives you a substantial reason to think the conclusion is true

Induction

sampling from a population to decide what its characteristics are

Arguments: Statement

the argument's conclusion

(Arguments:) Premises

the assumptions for an argument

(Arguments:) An argument divides into which two parts?

the premises and the conclusion

(Invalidity:) The definition of validity tell you...

what a deductively invalid argument will be like. The premises in a valid argument must provide an absolute guarantee that the conclusion is true

Deduction

what you do in a mathematical proof

Abduction

word created by the nineteenth-century American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce. Word more often referred to as "inference to the best explanation"