Chapter 2; Developmental, Congenital, and Childhood Diseases and Disorders

A. Sudden infant death syndrome

The number one cause of death in children between the ages of 1 month and 1 year is: A. Sudden infant death syndrome B. Cystic fibrosis C. Down syndrome D. Erythroblastosis fetalis

Pylorus

The opening from the stomach into the duodenum.

Acetabulum

A concave surface of a pelvis. The head of the femur meets with the pelvis at this juncture, forming the hip joint.

C. Tetracycline (Sumycin)

Childhood asthma can be treated with all of the following except: A. Albuterol (Proventil) B. Budesonide (Pulmicort) C. Tetracycline (Sumycin) D. Corticosteroids

D. All of the above

Childhood obesity may be caused by: A. The child eating too much food and not exercising enough B. Fast-food restaurant type of food C. Snacks, such as cookies, crackers, candy, and sodas that are high in calories D. All of the above

To minimize the handicap by providing every opportunity for the therapeutic measure to be used

Explain the goal of treatment for cerebral palsy

Cast application, the use of splints, and surgery if casting and splinting are unsuccessful

Explain the treatment measures that may be used if clubfoot is present

Klinefelter's = males; Turner's = females

Klinefelter's syndrome and Turner's syndrome are both chromosome disorders. Which one affects males, and which one affects females?

Dyspnea

Labored or difficult breathing

Acyanotic

Lacking a blue appearance of the skin and mucous membranes

Hydrocephalus

Large amount of CSF accumulated in the skull; "water on the brain"

Refrain from smoking, consuming alcohol, and taking medication or drugs

List a few precautions women can take to help decrease the risk of abnormal fetal development

Iron deficiency, acute or chronic blood loss, decreased blood formation, or nutrition

List causes of anemia

Roundworms, pinworms, hookworms, and tapeworms

List examples of helminths that can live in the gastrointestinal tract

Small head with flat back skull, characteristic slant to the eyes, flat nasal bridge, small low set ears, small mouth with protruding tongue, small and weak muscles, short hands with stubby fingers and a deep simian line

List symptoms and signs of Down syndrome

Mouth breathing, snoring, and a nasal voice

List symptoms associated with adenoid hyperplasia

Anencephalic

Pertaining to the presence of Anencephaly

brain damage, mental retardation

Phenylketonuria is an inborn error in the metabolism of amino acids that causes _________________ and _________________ if not treated

Normal flora

Presence of normal bacteria and fungi adapted for living in, characteristic of, the area considered

Congenital

Present from birth

Tacycardia

Rapid heart beat; more than 100 bpm

Meconium

The first type of feces passed by a newborn infant

3, 21, 8

The incubation period for tetanus is _________________ to _________________ days, with onset commonly occurring at about _________________ days

A. Asthma

The leading cause of absenteeism in schoolchildren is: A. Asthma B. Strep infections C. Bronchitis D. Otitis media

A. Leukemia

The most common childhood malignancy is: A. Leukemia B. Wilms' tumor C. Hirschsprung's disease D. Meningocele

B. Duchenne's

The most progressive form of muscular dystrophy is: A. Occulta B. Duchenne's C. Down syndrome D. Myotonic

Stenosis

The narrowing of an opening

Adduction

Moving toward the midline; inward

Spina Bifida

A birth defect in which a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop properly. It occurs when a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop or close properly while in the womb. Symptoms can sometimes be seen on the skin above the spinal defect. They include an abnormal tuft of hair, a birthmark, or protruding spinal cord tissue. When treatment is necessary, it's done through surgery to close the defect. Other treatments focus on managing complications.

Preterm Birth

A birth that occurs before the 37th week of pregnancy. Some risk factors include having a previous preterm birth and being pregnant with multiples. Complications associated with prematurity include immature lungs, difficulty regulating body temperature, poor feeding, and slow weight gain. Preterm babies may need longer or more intense nursery care, medications, and sometimes surgery.

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome

A breathing disorder in newborns caused by immature lungs that is more common in premature infants born six weeks or more before their due dates. It usually develops within the first 24 hours after birth. Symptoms include rapid, shallow breathing and a sharp pulling in of the chest below and between the ribs with each breath. Treatment includes medication to keep the lungs open, breathing support, and oxygen therapy.

Lead Poisoning

A buildup of lead in the body, usually over months or years. Lead-based paint and its dust, usually found in older buildings, are common sources of exposure. Young children are especially at risk. Occupational exposure, such as welding, is a more common cause for adults. Symptoms include developmental delays, abdominal pain, neurologic changes, and irritability. At very high levels, it can be fatal. Treatment always involves avoiding further exposure to lead or lead-based products and may include medications to help remove lead from the body.

Leukemia

A cancer of blood-forming tissues, hindering the body's ability to fight infection, including bone marrow. Many types exist such as acute lymphoblastic, acute myeloid, and chronic lymphocytic. Many patients with slow-growing types don't have symptoms. Rapidly growing types may cause symptoms that include fatigue, weight loss, frequent infections, and easy bleeding or bruising. Treatment is highly variable. For slow-growing cancer, treatment may include monitoring. For aggressive cancer, treatment includes chemotherapy that's sometimes followed by radiation and stem-cell transplant.

Neuroblastoma

A cancer that is commonly found in the adrenal glands. It can develop in the belly, chest, neck, pelvis, and bones. Children ages five or younger are most commonly affected. Symptoms may include fatigue, loss of appetite, and fever. There may be a lump or compression of tissues in the affected area. May require surgery and chemotherapy.

Turner Syndrome

A chromosomal disorder in which a female is born with only one X chromosome. Symptoms include short stature, delayed puberty, infertility, heart defects, and certain learning disabilities. Treatment involves hormone therapy. Fertility treatment may be necessary for women who want to become pregnant.

viruses

A common disease in infancy, bronchiolitis is usually caused by a(an) _________________

Common Cold

A common viral infection of the nose and throat. In contrast to the flu, this infection can be caused by many different types of viruses. The condition is usually harmless and symptoms usually resolve within two weeks. Symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, and congestion. High fever or severe symptoms are reasons to see a doctor, especially in children. Most people recover on their own within two weeks. Over-the-counter products and home remedies can help control symptoms.

Influenza

A common viral infection that can be deadly, especially in high-risk groups. The flu attacks the lungs, nose, and throat. Young children, older adults, pregnant women, and people with chronic disease or weak immune systems are at high risk. Symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches, and fatigue. The flu is treated primarily with rest and fluid to let the body fight the infection on its own. Over-the-counter anti-inflammatory pain relievers may help with symptoms. An annual vaccine can help prevent the flu and limit its complications.

Azoospermia

A complete absence of sperm from the fluid ejaculated during orgasm (semen). May occur because of an obstruction in the reproductive tract or inadequate sperm production. This condition can cause male infertility. Assisted reproductive technology may be used to achieve pregnancy. Sperm may be surgically extracted or provided by a donor for artificial insemination.

Asthma

A condition in which a person's airways become inflamed, narrow and swell, and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe. Can be minor or it can interfere with daily activities. In some cases, it may lead to a life-threatening attack. May cause difficulty breathing, chest pain, cough, and wheezing. The symptoms may sometimes flare-up. Can usually be managed with rescue inhalers to treat symptoms (albuterol) and controller inhalers that prevent symptoms (steroids). Severe cases may require longer-acting inhalers that keep the airways open (formoterol, salmeterol, tiotropium), as well as oral steroids.

Trisomy

A condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities.

Anemia

A condition in which the blood doesn't have enough healthy red blood cells, or dysfunctional red blood cells in the body. This leads to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs. Symptoms may include fatigue, skin pallor, shortness of breath, lightheadness, dizziness, or a fast heartbeat. Treatment depends on the underlying diagnosis. Iron supplements may be used for iron deficiency. Vitamin B supplements maybe used for low vitamin levels. Blood transfusions may be used for blood loss. Medications to induce blood formation may be used if the body's blood production is reduced.

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

A condition in which the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick. Makes it hard for the heart to pump blood. It often goes undiagnosed. Most people with the condition have no symptoms and experience no significant problems. For some, it can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, or abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias). Treatment may include surgery, an implantable device, or medications to slow or regulate the heart rate.

Hypovolemia

A condition occurring when the blood in the circulation system is decreased

Contracture

A condition of shortening and hardening of muscles, tendons, or other tissue, often leading to deformity and rigidity of joints.

Cerebral Palsy

A congenital disorder of movement, muscle tone, or posture due to abnormal brain development, often before birth. Symptoms include exaggerated reflexes, floppy or rigid limbs, and involuntary motions. These appear by early childhood. Long-term treatment includes physical and other therapies, drugs, and sometimes surgery.

Amniocentesis

A fluid sample taken from the amniotic sac between 15 and 18 weeks

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

A form of chronic lung disease that affects newborns (mostly premature) and infants. It results from damage to the lungs caused by mechanical ventilation (respirator) and long-term use of oxygen. Most infants recover, but some may have long-term breathing difficulty.

Klinefelter Syndrome

A genetic condition in which a male is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome. It isn't inherited, but rather occurs only as a result of a random genetic error after conception. Males born with this syndrome may have low testosterone and reduced muscle mass, facial hair, and body hair. Most males with this condition produce little or no sperm. Treatment may include testosterone replacement and fertility treatment.

Muscular Dystrophy

A group of genetic diseases that cause progressive weakness and loss of muscle mass. Abnormal genes (mutations) lead to muscle degeneration. Most forms begin in childhood. Damaged muscles become progressively weaker. Most people who have the condition eventually need a wheelchair. Other symptoms include trouble breathing or swallowing. Medications, therapy, breathing aids, or surgery may help maintain function, but life span is often shortened.

Cyanotic Defects

A group-type of congenital heart defect (CHD) that occurs due to deoxygenated blood bypassing the lungs and entering the systemic circulation or a mixture of oxygenated and unoxygenated blood entering the systemic circulation.

Lethargy

A lack of energy and enthusiasm

Adenosarcoma

A malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part.

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

A medical condition where a portion of the bowel dies. It typically occurs in newborns that are either premature or otherwise unwell. Symptoms may include poor feeding, bloating, decreased activity, blood in the stool, or vomiting of bile.

Coarctation of the Aorta

A narrowing of the aorta that leads from the heart. Usually present at birth (congenital), and may occur with other heart defects. Many people have no symptoms and the condition often isn't detected until adulthood. The most common symptom in adults is high blood pressure. Rarely, severe cases can cause heart failure in babies. Treatment involves surgery or a catheter-based procedure to fix the narrowing.

Diaper Rash

A patchwork of inflamed, bright red skin on the buttocks that is linked to wet or infrequently changed diapers, diarrhea, new foods, and antibiotics. The main symptom is a red rash on the buttocks. In severe cases, symptoms such as fever and widespread rash can occur. Most rashes start to improve after a few days of at-home care with over-the-counter ointment and more-frequent diaper changes. If it doesn't start to improve, or if fever and rash develop, a doctor visit is needed.

Retinopathy of Prematurity

A potentially blinding eye disorder that primarily affects premature infants weighing about 2¾ pounds (1250 grams) or less that are born before 31 weeks of gestation. The smaller a baby is at birth, the more likely that baby is to develop. This disorder—which usually develops in both eyes—is one of the most common causes of visual loss in childhood and can lead to lifelong vision impairment and blindness. It was first diagnosed in 1942.

Epiglottitis

A potentially life-threatening condition that occurs when the tissue protecting the windpipe becomes inflamed. Commonly caused by an infection. The resulting inflammation causes swelling, which blocks air to the lungs. Symptoms often include shortness of breath, difficulty swallowing, and sore throat. Fever is commonly seen in cases of infection. When an infection is present, treatment includes antibiotics. A breathing tube and ventilator may be needed in severe cases.

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

A problem with the way a baby's hip joint forms before, during, or after birth — causing an unstable hip. In severe cases, the hip joint can dislocate or cause trouble walking. Mild cases usually get better on their own as a baby grows. More severe cases may need treatment with a brace or surgery to reposition the hip and allow for proper healing.

Reye's Syndrome

A rare but serious condition that causes confusion, swelling in the brain, and liver damage. Children recovering from a viral infection such as chickenpox or flu or who have a metabolic disorder are most at risk, especially if they've been taking aspirin. Early symptoms include diarrhea, rapid breathing, vomiting, and severe fatigue. Symptoms such as confusion, seizures, and loss of consciousness need emergency treatment. There's no specific treatment beyond supportive care and aggressive monitoring for complications.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A rare condition caused by a combination of four heart defects that are present at birth which cause oxygen-poor blood to flow out of the heart and into the rest of the body. Risk factors include a viral illness such as rubella during pregnancy, maternal alcoholism, or a family history of the condition. Symptoms include blue-tinged skin and shortness of breath. Surgery is typically performed the first year of life, followed by ongoing care.

Robinow Syndrome

A rare disorder that affects the bones as well as other parts of the body. Two forms have been described: autosomal recessive, and the milder autosomal dominant. They are distinguished based on their modes of inheritance, symptoms, and severity.

Diphtheria

A serious infection of the nose and throat that's easily preventable by a vaccine. A sheet of thick, gray matter covers the back of the throat, making breathing hard. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and weakness. Treatments include antibiotics and an antitoxin that neutralizes the diphtheria toxin. A vaccine is available.

C. Penicillin

Acute tonsillitis (strep positive) is generally treated with _________________ to prevent rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease A. Estradiol (Estrace) B. Prednisone C. Penicillin D. Promethazine

Atrial Septal Defect

Also referred to as ASD; is a birth defect that causes a hole in the wall between the heart's atria. ASDs that aren't diagnosed until adulthood can damage the heart and lungs, shortening life. Many babies born with ASDs don't have symptoms. By age 30, adults may notice symptoms such as shortness of breath, heart palpitations, fatigue, swelling in the legs, feet, or abdomen, and heart murmurs. Small ASDs may close on their own. Medium- to large-sized ASDs may need surgical correction.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Also referred to as FAS; is a condition in a child that results from alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy. FAS causes brain damage and growth problems. The problems caused by fetal alcohol syndrome vary from child to child, but defects caused by fetal alcohol syndrome are not reversible. There is no amount of alcohol that's known to be safe to consume during pregnancy. If you drink during pregnancy, you place your baby at risk of FAS. Signs and symptoms include physical defects, behavioral and social issues, brain and CNS problems, and learning disabilities.

Rubella

Also referred to as German Measles; a contagious viral infection preventable by vaccine and best known by its distinctive red rash. The disease can spread through direct contact with the saliva or mucus of an infected person, or through the air by respiratory droplets produced from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms often appear two to three weeks after exposure, and also include mild fever and headache. German Measles has been declared eliminated in the US. Parents are cautioned to vaccinate children with the MMR vaccine to prevent its re-emergence.

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon

Also referred to as Hirschsprung's disease; a condition of the large intestine (colon) that causes difficulty passing stool. Hirschsprung's disease involves missing nerve cells in the muscles of part or all of the large intestine (colon). Present at birth, it causes difficulty passing stool. The main symptom is a newborn's failure to have a bowel movement within 48 hours after birth. Other symptoms include a swollen belly and vomiting. Surgery is needed to bypass the affected part of the colon or remove it entirely.

Rubeola

Also referred to as Measles; a viral infection that's serious for small children but is easily preventable by a vaccine. The disease spreads through the air by respiratory droplets produced from coughing or sneezing. Measles symptoms don't appear until 10 to 14 days after exposure. They include cough, runny nose, inflamed eyes, sore throat, fever, and a red, blotchy skin rash. There's no treatment to get rid of an established measles infection, but over-the-counter fever reducers or vitamin A may help with symptoms.

Epidemic Parotitis

Also referred to as Mumps; a viral infection that affects the salivary glands that's easily preventable by a vaccine. Mumps affects the parotid glands, salivary glands below and in front of the ears. The disease spreads through infected saliva. Some people experience no symptoms. When symptoms occur, they include swollen, painful salivary glands, fever, headache, fatigue, and appetite loss. Treatment focuses on symptom relief. Recovery takes about two weeks. The disease can be prevented by the MMR vaccine.

Patent Ductus Arteriosis

Also referred to as PDA; an opening between two blood vessels leading from the heart. A small PDA may cause no symptoms, but a large one may cause poor eating, failure to thrive, or breathlessness. Treatments include monitoring, medications such as anti-inflammatories, and surgery.

Phenylketonuria

Also referred to as PKU; a birth defect that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body. Newborns are screened for PKU. Untreated PKU can lead to brain damage, intellectual disabilities, behavioral symptoms, or seizures. Treatment includes a strict diet with limited protein.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Also referred to as SIDS; is the unexplained death, usually during sleep, of a seemingly healthy baby less than a year old. SIDS is sometimes known as crib death because the infants often die in their cribs. Although the cause is unknown, it appears that SIDS might be associated with defects in the portion of an infant's brain that controls breathing and arousal from sleep. Researchers have discovered some factors that might put babies at extra risk. They've also identified measures you can take to help protect your child from SIDS. Perhaps the most important is placing your baby on his or her back to sleep.

Ventricular Septal Defect

Also referred to as VSD; a common heart defect most often present at birth, but can occur in adults after surgery or a heart attack. It involves a hole in the wall between the heart's lower chambers. Symptoms may include a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and fingernails, along with poor feeding, poor weight gain, and fast breathing. Most holes close on their own, though many may need surgery or a catheter-based procedure to close the hole. Symptoms can be treated with blood pressure medicines or diuretics.

Pertussis

Also referred to as Whooping cough; a highly contagious respiratory tract infection that is easily preventable by vaccine. Whooping cough is particularly dangerous for infants. Besides a cough that sounds like "whoop," symptoms include a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing. Treatment includes antibiotics.

Talipes Equinovarus

Also referred to as clubfoot; A birth defect in which the foot is twisted out of shape or position. The cause of clubfoot is unknown. Babies with clubfoot are usually otherwise healthy. In clubfoot, the foot appears twisted and can even look as if it's upside down. Despite its appearance, clubfoot itself doesn't cause any discomfort or pain. Treatment is usually successful. It includes stretching and casting (Ponseti method) or stretching and taping (French method). Sometimes, surgery is needed.

Tetanus

Also referred to as lockjaw; a serious bacterial infection that causes painful muscle spasms and can lead to death. It is a potentially fatal bacterial infection that affects the nerves. A vaccine can easily prevent the infection, which has no cure. It causes painful muscle contractions, particularly in the jaw and neck. It can interfere with the ability to breathe, eventually causing death. Treatment focuses on managing complications.

Varicella Zoster

Also referred to as the chicken pox; a highly contagious viral infection causing an itchy, blister-like rash on the skin. Chickenpox is highly contagious to those who haven't had the disease or been vaccinated against it. The most characteristic symptom is an itchy, blister-like rash on the skin. Chickenpox can be prevented by a vaccine. Treatment usually involves relieving symptoms although high-risk groups may receive antiviral medications.

Down Syndrome

Also referred to as trisomy 21; a genetic disorder caused when abnormal cell division results in extra genetic material from chromosome 21. Causes a distinct facial appearance, intellectual disability, developmental delays, and may be associated with thyroid or heart disease. Early intervention programs with a team of therapists and special educators who can treat each child's specific situation are helpful in managing.

cyanosis, dyspnea, syncope

An atrial septic defect that is large would cause pronounced symptoms of _________________, _________________, and _________________

B. Hypertrophic cardiomegaly

An electrocardiogram is suggested for athletes to identify those who may have: A. Asthma B. Hypertrophic cardiomegaly C. Cerebral palsy D. Rheumatic heart disease

pyloric stenosis

An infant with _________________ has episodes of the projectile vomiting after feedings. The onset of symptoms usually begins within 2 to 3 weeks after birth

pneumonia, RSV

An infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is very susceptible to respiratory infections, such as _________________ and _________________

small, mewing

An infant with cri du chat syndrome exhibits an abnormally _________________ head; and, if born alive, the infant will have a weak _________________, cry

Acute Tonsillitis

An inflammation of the two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat that is usually caused by a viral infection but can be from a bacterial infection. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and tender lymph nodes. Treatment can range from home-care remedies to surgical removal.

Bronchiolitis

An inflammatory bronchial reaction in young children and infants and is almost always caused by a virus. The condition most commonly occurs during the winter months. The condition starts like a common cold. It progresses to coughing, wheezing, and sometimes difficulty breathing. Symptoms may last for a week to a month. Can be treated with home care in most cases. Severe cases require hospitalization.

Cystic Fibrosis

An inherited life-threatening disorder that damages the lungs and digestive system. Affects the cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices. It causes these fluids to become thick and sticky. They then plug up tubes, ducts, and passageways. Symptoms vary and can include cough, repeated lung infections, inability to gain weight, and fatty stools. Treatments may ease symptoms and reduce complications. Newborn screening helps with early diagnosis.

Congenital Anomalies

An often-inherited medical condition that occurs at or before birth.

Foramen ovale

An opening in the septum between the RAL atria of the fetal heart

Cleft Lip

An opening or split in the upper lip that occurs when developing facial structures in an unborn baby don't close completely. May be unilateral or bilateral.

Ataxic

An uncoordinated gait associated with pathology of the CNS

Croup

An upper airway infection that blocks breathing and has a distinctive barking cough, generally occurring in children. In addition to a barking cough, symptoms include fever, hoarseness, and labored or noisy breathing. Most cases clear up with home care in three to five days. A doctor may prescribe a steroid for a persistent case. Rarely, a severe case may need hospital care.

Dystrophy

Any disorder due to defective or faulty nutrition

6 months and older; yearly

At what age should a child receive influenza vaccine?

Between 12 and 18 months

At what age should a child receive the first varicella immunization?

Prior to starting school

At what age should a child receive the second MMR?

Prenatal

Before birth; during or relating to pregnancy

Cyanosis

Bluish appearance of the skin and mucous membranes indicating reduced levels of hemoglobin

Palpable

Capable of being touched or felt

Infection in the mother, drugs taken by the mother, age of mother, radiographic examination during early examination, injury to pregnant mother or to the fetus

Cite possible causes of nongenetic congenital abnormalities that my be present in a child

1 in 10,000 births

Cite the statistics for the occurrence of cleft abnormalities

B. An antiprostaglandin

Closure of patent ductus arteriosus may be attempted by drug therapy using: A. Steroid therapy B. An antiprostaglandin C. Digitalis D. An ace inhibitor

cardiac, great vessels

Congenital _________________ defects are developmental anomalies of the heart or _________________ of the heart

Necrosis

Death of tissue

Stenosis of the opening of the foreskin

Define phimosis

The ductus fails to close causing compromised circulation of the oxygen

Describe patent ductus arteriosus

Made by an ophthalmologist using an indirect ophthalmoscope and scleral depression to visualize the retina

Explain how retinopathy of prematurity (retrolental fibroplasia) is diagnosed

Hemolysis

Destruction of red blood cells with the release of hemoglobin

Dysphagia

Difficulty swallowing

diphtheria toxoid

Diphtheria can be prevented by the administration of _________________ to produce active immunity

Mother is younger than 20, poor prenatal care, smoking and drug abuse during pregnancy, infant is exposed to secondhand smoke, prematurity, recent upper respiratory infection, and sleeping in the prone position

Discuss possible causes and prevention of SIDS

Epiglottitis = inflammation of the epiglottis; croup = viral disease affecting the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

Distinguish between croup and epiglottitis

Antipyretic

Drug or treatment that reduces or relieves fever

Electromyography

Electrical recording of muscle activity

Hypertrophic

Enlargement of an organ or structure

B. Rh incompatability

Erythroblastosis fetalis is a condition caused by: A. Iron deficiency B. Rh incompatibility C. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy D. Lead poisoning

Anencephaly

Failure of the cephalic aspect of the neural tube to close

Postpartum

Following childbirth

Infantile Colic

Frequent, prolonged and intense crying or fussiness in a healthy infant. Can be particularly frustrating for parents because the baby's distress occurs for no apparent reason and no amount of consoling seems to bring any relief. These episodes often occur in the evening, when parents themselves are often tired. Episodes usually peak when an infant is about 6 weeks old and decline significantly after 3 to 4 months of age. While the excessive crying will resolve with time, managing this adds significant stress to caring for your newborn child.

Bicornate

Having two horns or horn-shaped branches

Pruritus

Itching

C. Wilms' tumor

Hypertension, hematuria and pain are symptoms of: A. Leukemia B. Cystic fibrosis C. Wilms' tumors D. All of the above

Myelomeningocele

Identify the most serious form of spina bifida

Varcella-zoster

Identify the organism responsible for causing chickenpox

Death

If a baby is born with anencephaly, what is prognosis?

C. Four

If a child is born with tetralogy of Fallot, how many actual heart defects are present? A. Two B. Three C. Four D. One

Bursitis

Inflammation of the bursae that act as cushions at the joints

A. Hydrocephalus

Intracranial pressure is present when cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the skull when the patient has: A. Hydrocephalus B. Spina bifida C. Fetal alcohol syndrome D. Congenital rubella syndrome

Females

Is the condition of conjoined twins more prevalent in females or males?

Collapse of seemingly healthy young athlete during a strenuous sporting event or other stressful exercise. Can be followed by cardiac arrest caused by a cardiac arrhythmia, chest pain, syncope, hypertension, palpitations, and shortness of breath

List symptoms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, dextroposition of the aorta, and right ventricular hypertrophy

List the four abnormalities present in the heart of an infant who has tetralogy of Fallot

Copious thick and sticky mucous accumulation that blocks glandular ducts

List the major clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis

An incompetent cervix, bicornate uterus, and toxic conditions

List three causes of prematurity

Spastic CP, Athetoid CP, and Ataxic CP

List three major times of cerebral palsy

Diarrhea

Loose, watery and possibly more-frequent bowel movements. In most cases lasts a couple of days. But when it lasts for weeks, it can indicate a serious disorder, such as a persistent infection, inflammatory bowel disease, or a less serious condition, such as irritable bowel syndrome. Causes can include viruses, bacteria, parasites, medications, lactose intolerance, fructose, artificial sweeteners, surgery, and other digestive disorders.

Anorexia

Loss of appetite for food

C. Lead poisoning

Loss of appetite, vomiting, irritability, and ataxic gait are symptoms associated with: A. Muscular dystrophy B. Anemia C. Lead poisoning D. All of the above

Hypoxia

Low oxygen levels in the tissues

Acyanotic Defects

May be due to obstructive lesions (stenosis) or left-to-right shunts. Lesions with left-to-right shunts include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosus. Obstructive lesions include pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta.

C. Aspirin

Medications that contain _________________ may mask the symptoms of Reye's syndrome and are generally avoided in the treatment of chickenpox A. Acetaminophen B. Azithromycin C. Aspirin D. Acyclovir

A. The MMR vaccine

Mumps is a childhood disease that is best prevented by: A. The MMR vaccine B. The Gardasil vaccine C. Broad spectrum antibiotics D. Cough medicines

EMG, muscle biopsy, CK

Muscular dystrophy is diagnosed by _________________, _________________, and _________________

Elevated Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels

Name an example of an abnormality that nay be detected by examination of amniotic fluid

Ventricular septal defect

Name the most common congenital cardiac disorder

Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma)

Name the most common kidney tumor of childhood

Myopia

Nearsightedness

B. Immunizations

One way to prevent epidemics of contagious diseases is: A. Aspirin B. Immunization C. Multivitamins D. Cold and cough medications

Patent

Open and unblocked

Vomiting

Or throwing up, is a forceful discharge of stomach contents. It can be a one-time event linked to something that doesn't settle right in the stomach. Recurrent trowing up may be cause by underlying medical conditions. Frequent throwing up may also lead to dehydration, which can be deadly if left untreated.

Nosocomial

Originating in a hospital

Arthritis

Painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints

C. Aspirin

Reye's syndrome has been associated with the use of: A. Acetaminophen B. Ibuprofen C. Aspirin D. All of the above

B. Tonsillitis caused by A beta-hemolytic streptococci

Rheumatic fever, kidney complications, and rheumatic heart disease may be complications of untreated: A. Lead poisoning B. Tonsillitis caused by A beta-hemolytic streptococci C. Vomiting and diarrhea D. Anemia

C. Mebendazole (Vermox)

Roundworms, pinworms, and tapeworm can be treated with which medications? A. Melamine (Antivert) B. Finasteride (Proscar) C. Mebendazole (Vermox) D. Medroxyprogesterone (Provera)

B. Infantile colic

Sensitivity to iron or cow's milk may cause: A. Cystic fibrosis B. Infantile colic C. Pyloric stenosis D. All of the above

Posterior

Situated behind

Tracheostomy

Surgical incision on the anterior aspect of the neck, opening a direct airway in the trachea

Within the first 24 hours of life

Surgical intervention for myelomeningocele is recommended when?

Anastomosis

Surgical or pathological connection between two vessels or tubular structures

Transposition of the Great Arteries

The aorta is connected to the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery is connected to the left ventricle — the opposite of a normal heart's anatomy.

Transdermal

The application of a medication or drug through the skin

airborne, droplet

The causative agent of mumps is a(an) _________________ virus, which is spread by _________________ nuclei from the respiratory tract

B. Phimosis

The condition where the foreskin of the penis does not have adequate opening to allow it to be pulled back over the end of the penis is called: A. Testicular torsion B. Phimosis C. Cryptorchidism D. Wilms' tumor

fifteenth, eighteenth

The diagnosis of congenital anomalies in a fetus can be accomplished by amniocentesis between the _________________ and _________________ week of pregnancy

Erythromycin

The drug of choice to treat pertussis (whooping cough) is _________________

environmental, genetic, vitamin A, folic acid

The exact cause of spina bifida is unknown. However, _________________ and _________________ factors may play a role. In addition, a decrease in the amount of _________________ and _________________ may contribute to the occurrence

A. Cryptorchidism

The failure of the testicle(s) to descend into the scrotum is called: A. Cryptorchidism B. Testicular torsion C. Phimosis D. Turner's syndrome

Adenoid Hyperplasia

The overenlargement of the lymph glands located above the back of the mouth. Extremely large tonsils can impair breathing and swallowing, although that is quite rare. Large adenoids can impair nose breathing and require a child to breathe through the mouth. Because they encircle the only connection between the middle ear and the eustachian tube, hypertrophied adenoids can also obstruct it and cause middle ear infections.

Postnatal

The period after childbirth

Dysplasia

The presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer.

good

The prognosis for cleft lip and cleft palate is _________________ with surgical repair

Apnea

The temporary cessation of breathing

Sweat test

The test for cystic fibrosis that measures the levels of sodium and chloride is called what?

Meninges

The three membranes (the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater) that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.

one vein, two arteries

The umbilical cord contains _________________ and _________________

Syncope

To faint

Umbilical vein > umbilical ring > liver > 50% to ductus venosus > inferior vena cava > right atriam > left atrium through Foramen ovale > pulmonary trunk > ductus arteriosis > descending aortic arch > umbilical artery

Trace fetal circulation from umbilical vein through system to umbilical artery

shunt

Treatment for hydrocephalus usually includes placing a(an) _________________ in the ventricular or subarachnoid spaces to drain off the excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Phototherapy

Treatment of disease by exposure to light

A. Starting surgical intervention to insert a shunt

Treatment or hydrocephalus includes: A. Starting surgical intervention to insert a shunt B. Closing the opening C. Fusing the skull D. Starting diuretics

Methods of Prenatal Diagnosis

Ultrasonography. Amniocentesis. Chorionic villus sampling. Fetal blood cells in maternal blood. Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein. Maternal serum beta-HCG. Maternal serum unconjugated estriol. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A.

Photophobia

Unusual sensitivity to light

Tachypnea

Very rapid respirations

Slanted eyes, small low set ears, flat backed skull, and a small mouth with a protruding tongue

What are some of the physical characteristics that a child with Down syndrome will exhibit?

Dominant or recessive

What are the two forms of Robinow syndrome?

Blue

What color is the skin of the baby born with tetralogy of Fallot?

Hyaline membrane disease

What is another name for infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)?

Cerebral palsy

What is considered to be the most common crippling condition of children?

Inadequate blood and oxygen supply to the brain during fetal development, birth process, or in early childhood until about 9 years of age

What is the cause of cerebral palsy?

Ingestion or breathing lead dust or particles

What is the method of transmission for lead poisoning?

First dose = 2 months old; second dose = 4 months old; third dose = 6 months old

What is the recommended schedule for Haemophilus influenzae type B immunizations?

2 lbs 3oz - 4lbs

What is the weight range for premature infants?

Conjoined twins

What occurs when there is a failure in the separation process of identical twins before the 13th day after fertilization?

Closure by drug therapy or surgical intervention

What treatment options are available to a baby born with a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

A. Increase in white blood cells

When a person is diagnosed with leukemia, there will be a(an): A. Increase in white blood cells B. Decrease in white blood cells C. Normal white blood cells D. Decrease in platelets

Shortly after birth

When should an infant receive the first in the series of hepatitis B immunizations?

Cleft Palate

When the roof of the mouth contains an opening into the nose. These disorders can result in feeding problems, speech problems, hearing problems, and frequent ear infections. Less than half the time the condition is associated with other disorders.

Potential genetic or neural tube defects

Which type of congenital disorders can be diagnosed by amniocentesis

B. Folic acid

Women of childbearing age are advised to increase their intake of _________________ to help prevent neural tube defects in their unborn child A. Iron B. Folic acid C. Calcium D. Vitamin A

Neonates

a newborn child or mammal