Chapter 2: Early American Settlements

Changes to the European banking and financial system helped create a pool of ____, which in turn catalyzed trading ventured and overseas expansion.

Capital (money)

Francisco Vazquez de Coranado's expedition to what is now the southwestern US, undertaken for the purpose of locating cast stores of wealth, resulted in the European discovery of ____.

The Grand Canyon

The Spanish empire in the New World was governed in its day to day affairs by ____.

Bureaucrats

True or False: During the sixteenth century, European powers took great interest in the New World.

False

Juan Ponce de Leon landed in what is now ____ on the North American continent.

Florida

In order to obtain trading privileges, the Portuguese had to pay ____ or taxes to African leaders.

tribute

Which of the following were reasons for early Spanish explorers' interest in the lands and peoples of the New World?

A desire to compete with Portugal. Opportunities to acquire gold and other treasures. A desire to find funding sourced that would allow the Spanish to complete the Reconquest.

In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Europe had ____.

A mostly rural population

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was ____.

Advanced metal weaponry.

What was the first continent to experience Europe's expansionist activities?

Africa

Hernan de Casas expedition was notable for its ___.

Brutal treatment of natives.

When was slavery been an important element of the world labor market?

From ancient times to the present.

Hernan de Soto brought along ____ that were a valuable food source that provided his men with protein.

Hogs

Which of the following did Europeans introduce to the New World?

Horses, hogs, and bananas

Unlike the first Roanoke expedition, the second one ____.

Included more settlers and better incentives to undertake the journey.

Compared to the Africans, Caribbean inhabitant were seen as ___.

docile

By the late fifteenth century, the focal point of European sugar production shifted from the Mediterranean to the Azores and other islands in the eastern ____ Ocean that were noted for their rich, volcanic soil.

Atlantic

Europeans were shocked that the Indians lacked the basic features of "civilization" such as ____.

Clothing

One of the consequences of Hernan de Soto's venture into North America was the ____.

Decentralization of native chiefdoms.

By the mid-sixteenth century, the Spanish empire had ____.

Defeated the great civilizations of the Americas.

Portugal could not colonize the African continent because Africa's kingdoms were highly organized and its ___.

Diseases ravaged settlers.

Where did European investors establish new sugar plantations in he twelfth century?

Eastern Mediterranean islands

One of Martin Luther's more radical beliefs at the time was that ____.

Everyone should read and interpret the bible for his or herself.

Bartolome de Las Casas helped popularize the so-called "Black Legend" of Spain, which indicted the empire for its ____.

Exploitation of natives

One of Martin Luther's most revolutionary doctrines was "justification by ____ alone," or the belief that salvation was available simply through God's grace.

Faith

Which of the following statements about early modern Europe are correct?

For most people, life was brutal, dangerous, and short. The authority of local lords over their lands was nearly absolute. Nobles and aristocrats enjoyed incomes hundreds of times larger than those of commoners.

Some of the worst violence associated with the religious wars of the sixteenth century took place in ____, where the persecution of the Huguenots occurred.

France

Which of the following best summarizes the Calvinist belief in predestination?

God has already chosen, or predestined, certain people for salvation.

Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Columbus after they completed the Reconquista, which was achieved when they took the kingdom of ____ in 1492.

Granada

Why did the Roanoke leader Wingina favor establishing a relationship with the English?

He sought regular access to their trade goods.

During the thirteenth century, one of the ways that the Catholic Church expanded its influence and wealth was through the sale of ____, which promised to shorten the time spent in purgatory after death.

Indulgences

In the 95 theses, Martin Luther argued that the Roman Catholic Church's practice of selling ___ was corrupt and irrelevant to eternal salvation.

Indulgences

A significant factor in the Aztec defeat was the____.

Internal opposition to Aztec rule.

The conquest of which country served as a model for England's colonization of America?

Ireland

One of the lasting consequences of the Protestant Reformation was that ____.

It led to religious divisions also known as schisms.

Sugar was difficult to produce for all of the following reasons except ____.

It only grew on tropical islands.

In his plea to the queen to settle America, the English clergyman Richard Hakluyt made all of the following arguments except ____.

It was imperative to counter the growing French threat.

Which of the following best summarizes Calvin;s and Luther's view on the role of Christians in society?

Luther believed that Christians should accept the existing social order, whereas Calvin taught that they should reshape society.

The English Reformation, unlike that in other Protestant nations, took the form of ____.

Monarchial resistance against the reign of the pope.

Which of the following were positive results of the bubonic plague?

More available land, increased wages, lower prices.

Prince Henry "the Navigator" was the driving force of his kingdom's overseas ventures in the fifteenth century. He had a particular interest in the maritime influence of _____.

Portugal

By the sixteenth century, England had adopted the ____ Christian faith.

Protestant

The Christian conflict in Europe known as the ____ ____ embroiled European kingdoms in dispute that distracted them from schemes of colonization and conquest.

Protestant Reformation

Much of Spain's imperial wealth came from ____ mines in Mexico and Peru.

Silver

Which statement about the overall history of slavery is most accurate?

Slavery has existed throughout human history and taken various forms.

Which of the following statements concerning slavery in medieval Europe are true?

Slaves were typically female. Slaves often came from Slavic lands; hence the word slave. Owning slaves was a status symbol

Virgin-soil epidemics, which occurred frequently in the New World, were devastating outbreaks of disease in which ____.

The affected people had never been exposed to a certain disease.

China was a powerful presence in the early modern world because of ____.

The demand for Chinese goods.

The competition between Protestant ans Catholics in the sixteenth century in the New World let to ____.

The founding of Spanish Florida to counteract the threat of French Protestants.

The Roanoke expected to benefit from the arrival of the English but were disappointed when ___.

The settlers' encouraged alienation and cruelty.

Which of the following explains why royal geographers in Portugal rejected Columbus's plan for a westward voyage?

They knew the Earth was round but believed that it was much larger than Columbus estimated.

Christopher Columbus believed that the fastest route from Portugal to China lay ____.

West