Chapter 2

In the context of muscle action, a(n) _____ contraction occurs when tension is developed within the muscle but the joint angles remain constant.

isometric

In the context of muscle action, a(n) _____ contraction occurs when tension is developed within the muscle but the joint angles remain constant. Multiple choice question.

isometric

Proprioceptors in combination with the other sense organs of the body are vital in _____, which is the conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space.

kinesthesis

From a functional and historical perspective, the _____ part of the muscle is its origin.

least movable

Rectus femoris

location

The _____ plexus supplies sensation and motor function to the lower trunk and the entire lower extremity and perineum.

lumbosacral

For most of the skeletal muscles, _____ is a very useful way to determine muscle action, but it is limited to superficial muscles.

palpation

Some agonist muscles that are able to contribute significantly more to a joint movement than other agonists are known as _____.

primary movers

Some agonist muscles that are able to contribute significantly more to a joint movement than other agonists are known as _____. Multiple choice question.

primary movers

While kinesthesis is concerned with the conscious awareness of the body's position, _____ is the subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement.

proprioception

From a structural perspective, the _____ of the body is considered to be the origin.

proximal attachment of a muscle that attaches closest to the center of the body

In the context of muscle terminology, fascial tissue forms a(n) _____ to retain tendons close to the body.

retinaculum

Identify the nerves that form the lumbosacral plexus.

sacral nerves coccygeal nerves lumbar nerves

Acts as the common pathway between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

sensory

Deltoid

shape

Teres minor

size

Every muscle fiber is innervated by a _____, which, when an appropriate stimulus is provided, results in a muscle contraction.

somatic motor neuron

In the context of muscle terminology, _____ are tough yet flexible bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones and other structures.

tendons

True or false: All voluntary movement is a result of the muscular and the nervous systems working together.

true

True or false: There are over 600 skeletal muscles, which constitute approximately 40% to 50% of body weight.

true

In the context of muscle nomenclature, the name adductor magnus muscle is based on which distinctive characteristic?

Action and size

The spinal cord

Acts as the common pathway between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Which of the following muscles contracts concentrically to cause joint motion through a specified plane of motion?

Agonist muscles

Which of the following types of exercises usually uses concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions in which the speed (or velocity) of movement is constant and muscular contraction (ideally, maximum contraction) occurs throughout the movement?

Isokinetics

_____ is a type of dynamic exercise usually using concentric or eccentric muscle contractions.

Isokinetics

In the context of muscle action, which of the following is an accurate statement about a concentric contraction?

It involves the muscle developing active tension as it shortens.

In the context of muscle action, identify a true statement about eccentric contractions

It involves the muscle lengthening under active tension.

_____ transmit impulses away from the brain and spinal cord to muscle and glandular tissue.

Motor Neurons

Identify the muscles that counteract the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable movements such as inappropriate muscle substitutions.

Neutralizer muscles

Fusiform muscle

Spindle-shaped example: biceps brachii

Fusiform muscles

Spindle-shaped with a central belly that tapers to tendons on each end

Which of the following muscles surrounds a joint or body part and contracts to fixate the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move?

Stabilizers

Which of the following types of muscles contracts to prevent an undesired joint action of the agonist and has no direct effect on the agonist action?

True synergists muscles

Strap muscles

Uniform in diameter with essentially all their fibers arranged in a long parallel manner

Action is the specific movement of a joint resulting from a _____ contraction of a muscle that crosses the joint.

concentric

Biceps brachii that has the action of flexion at the elbow is an example of _____ contraction.

concentric

In the context of muscle action, _____ contractions occur when the muscle develops enough force to overcome the applied resistance.

concentric

One or more branching projection in a neuron is known as a(n) _____.

dendrite

In the context of muscle tissue properties, contractility is the ability of muscle to _____.

develop internal force against resistance when stimulated

In the context of muscle action, _____ contractions occur when the musclegradually lessens in tension to control the descent of the resistance.

eccentric

In the context of muscle tissue properties, _____ is the ability of muscle to be passively stretched beyond its normal resting length.

extensibility

In the context of muscles, _____ occur when two or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object, causing the object to rotate about its axis.

force couples

In the context of muscle terminology, the _____ is the central, fleshy portion of the muscle.

gaster

A muscle that assists another muscle move a joint in the desired manner and simultaneously prevents undesired actions is referred to as a(n) _____.

helping synergist muscle

In the context of muscle terminology, the contractile portion or the gaster generally _____ as the muscle contracts.

increases in diameter

In the context of muscle terminology, _____ occurs in the segment of the nervous system responsible for providing a stimulus to muscle fibers within a specific muscle.

innervation

Supinator

Action

Match the naming rationales - Location

Abdominal

Efferent nerves

Carry impulses to the outlying regions of the body

-------are central or connecting neurons that conduct impulses from sensory neurons to motor neurons.

Interneurons

Identify the muscle groups that are named after their location in the body. (Check all that apply.)

Abdominal Shoulder girdle

Cervical nerves 5 through 8, along with thoracic nerve _____, form the brachial plexus.

1

The central nervous system (CNS) is divided into five levels of neural control of voluntary movement. List these levels from the most superiorly located level to the most inferiorly located level. (Place the most superiorly located level at the top.)

1 cerebral cortex 2 basal ganglia 3 cerebellum 4 brain stem 5 spinal cord

Cervical nerves _____ form the cervical plexus.

1 through 4

In the context of parallel muscles, identify an example of fusiform muscle.

Brachialis

Afferent nerves

Bring impulses from receptors to the central nervous system

The basal ganglia

Control the maintenance of postures and equilibrium and learned movements

The cerebellum

Controls the timing and intensity of muscle activity to assist in the refinement of movements

Sphincter muscles

Endless strap muscles that surround openings and function to close them upon contraction

True or false: A particular nerve innervates only one muscle or portion of a muscle. True false question.

False

True or false: Isometric contractions may be thought of as dynamic contractions because the varying degrees of active tension in the muscles are causing the joint angles to change.

False

Bipennate muscles

Fibers run obliquely from a central tendon on both sides

Unipennate muscle

Fibers run obliquely from a tendon on one side only

Match the naming rationales - Shape

Hamstring

The brain stem

Integrates all central nervous system activity through excitation and inhibition of desired neuromuscular actions

_____ are the two major types of fiber arrangements that group all skeletal muscles.

Parallel and pennate

_____ muscles are categorized on the basis of the exact arrangement between the fibers and the tendon.

Pennate

The cerebral cortex

Provides for the creation of voluntary movement as aggregate muscle action

Match the naming rationales - Number of divisions

Quadriceps

Match the naming rationales - Action

Rotator cuff

_____ transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body.

Sensory neurons

Multipennate muscles

Several tendons with fibers running diagonally between them

In the context of muscle terminology, identify a case wherein two muscles share a common tendon.

The Achilles tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles

Identify an example of intrinsic muscles.

The small muscles found entirely within the hand

Which of the following statements is true of stabilizers?

They are essential in establishing a relatively firm base for the more distal joints to work from when carrying out movements.

Flat muscles

Thin and broad, originating from fibrous, sheetlike aponeuroses

True or false: Generally, pennate muscles produce a greater range of movement than similar-size muscles with a parallel arrangement.

This is false. Parallel muscles produce a greater range of movement than similar-size muscles with a pennate arrangement.

Radiate muscles

Triangular or convergent and have the combined arrangement of flat and fusiform muscles

In the context of determination of muscle action, palpation is done by using the sense of touch to feel or examine _____.

a muscle as it contracts

Muscles working in a group rather than independently to achieve a given joint motion is known as _____.

aggregate muscle action

In the context of muscle terminology, fascial tissue form a retinaculum to retain tendons close to the body in certain places throughout the body, such as _____.

around joints like wrist and ankle

In the context of muscle terminology, fascial tissue form a retinaculum to retain tendons close to the body in certain places throughout the body, such as _____. Multiple choice question.

around joints like wrist and ankle

Agonist muscles that contribute significantly less to the joint motion are commonly referred to as _____.

assistant movers

A(n) _____ is an elongated projection that transmits impulses away from neuron cell bodies. Multiple choice question.

axon

The _____ plexus supplies motor and sensory function to the upper extremity and most of the scapula.

brachial

The _____ plexus is responsible for sensation from the upper part of the shoulders to the back of the head and front of the neck.

cervical

Unlike the extrinsic muscles, intrinsic muscles pertain usually to _____.

muscles belonging solely to the body part on which they act

Each muscle cell is connected to a motor neuron at the _____.

neuromuscular junction

When only the supination action of the biceps brachii is desired, the triceps brachii contracts to counteract the flexion action of the biceps brachii. In the given action, the triceps brachii act as a(n) _____.

neutralizer

Triceps brachii

number of divisions