Chapter 2- Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Balance (Exam Questions)
C
Antidiuretic hormone does not A) inhibit water intake. B) increase thirst. C) cause water to shift out of the ICF. D) increase ECF volume. E) increase ECF sodium concentration.
A
How would a decrease in the pH of body fluids affect the respiratory rate? (Module 25.10B) A) Respiratory rate would increase. B) Respiratory rate would decrease. C) Respiratory rate would not change.
A
Hyperventilation will ________ pH. A) raise (increase) B) lower (decrease)
A
Hypoventilation leads to A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.
D
Secretion of potassium into the urine is A) decreased by aldosterone. B) associated with the secretion of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. C) increased when the exchange pump binds H+. D) increased by aldosterone. E) None of the answers is correct.
A
The release of natriuretic peptides from the heart will cause the following response A) decrease of ADH release. B) increase in aldosterone release. C) increase in epinephrine. D) increase in norepinephrine. E) increase in blood volume.
E
Which buffers/buffer system exist(s) only in intracellular fluid? A) plasma protein buffers B) the hemoglobin buffer system C) amino acid buffers D) the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system E) the phosphate buffer system
A
Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism? A) ADH B) epinephrine C) aldosterone D) natriuretic peptides E) norepinephrine
E
Which hormone(s) is released by cardiac muscle cells in response to increased atrial distension? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) PTH D) acetylcholine E) natriuretic peptides
D
A person who consumes large amounts of sodium bicarbonate (ʺbaking sodaʺ) to settle an upset stomach risks A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.
E
A(n) ________ consists of a combination of a weak acid and its associated anion. A) water balance B) exchange pump C) leak channel D) fixed acid E) buffer system
A
About two-thirds of the bodyʹs fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid. A) intracellular B) intercellular C) extracellular D) interstitial E) vital
B
All of the following factors are consistent with hypokalemia except A) decreased aldosterone secretion. B) overuse of diuretics. C) kidney failure. D) reduction in sodium reabsorption. E) a potassium level above 7 mEq/L.
B
Consuming a meal high in salt will A) drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood. B) result in a temporary increase in blood volume. C) decrease thirst. D) cause hypotension. E) decrease renin secretion.
D
Define acidemia and alkalemia. (Module 25.7A) A) Acidemia is when pH decreases below 4.8 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 11.4. B) Acidemia is when pH increases above 7.45 and alkalemia is when pH decreases below 7.35. C) Acidemia is when pH increases above 11.4 and alkalemia is when pH decreases below 4.8. D) Acidemia is when pH decreases below 7.35 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 7.45. E) Acidemia is when pH decreases below 1 and alkalemia is when pH increases above 13.
E
Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B) A) A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ECF into the ICF. B) A fluid shift is a slow transfer of water from the ICF into the ECF. C) A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the ECF and ICF into the solid components in response to an osmotic gradient. D) A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water from the solid compartments into the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient. E) A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.
C
Describe metabolic acidosis. (Module 25.9A) A) Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs. B) Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH increases due to faster CO2 elimination by the lungs than production. C) Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys. D) Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated. E) Metabolic acidosis occurs when pH increases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs.
D
Describe metabolic alkalosis. (Module 25.9B) A) Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH decreases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs. B) Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to faster CO2 elimination by the lungs than production. C) Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH decreases due increased numbers of fixed and metabolic acids, from bicarbonate loss, or from depletion of bicarbonate reserve when hydrogen ions are not adequately excreted by the kidneys. D) Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to the removal of hydrogen ions when bicarbonate ion concentrations are elevated. E) Metabolic alkalosis occurs when pH increases due to an impaired ability to remove CO2 by the lungs
B
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by A) sweating. B) the kidneys. C) the liver. D) the feces. E) buffers.
D
Explain dehydration and its effect on the osmotic concentration of blood. (Module 25.2C) A) Dehydration occurs when water gains outpace water losses causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to decrease. B) Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to decrease. C) Dehydration occurs when water gains outpace water losses causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase. D) Dehydration occurs when water losses outpace water gain causing the osmotic concentration of blood plasma to increase. E) Dehydration occurs when water losses equal water gains but the osmotic concentration of the ICF increases.
C
Homeostatic mechanisms that monitor and adjust the composition of body fluids respond to changes in the A) intracellular fluid. B) plasma membrane. C) extracellular fluid. D) solid comp E) cytosol.
A
Identify factors that cause potassium excretion. (Module 25.5B) A) Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases. B) Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases. C) Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF increases. D) Potassium excretion is caused by a decrease in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF decreases. E) Potassium excretion is caused by an increase in aldosterone stimulation and when the pH of the ECF is neutral.
C
Identify routes of fluid loss from the body. (Module 25.2A) A) Water can be lost during the production of saliva and gastric secretions, and by urination and in feces. B) Water can be lost during anabolism, and in the production of bile and gastric secretions. C) Water can be lost during urination, evaporation at skin and lungs, and in feces. D) Water can be lost during catabolism and anabolism. E) Water can be lost during catabolism, by evaporation at skin and lungs, and by urination.
B
If the kidneys are conserving HCO3- and eliminating H+ in acidic urine, which is occurring: metabolic alkalosis or metabolic acidosis? (Module 25.9C) A) metabolic alkalosis B) metabolic acidosis
D
Increased blood volume will A) decrease natriuretic peptide release. B) decrease sodium loss in urine. C) decrease water loss in urine. D) decrease thirst. E) increase aldosterone release
C
Intracellular fluid is found only within A) blood vessels. B) lymph. C) the cells of the body. D) the interstitial space. E) the cerebrospinal fluid
C
Metabolic water is A) water consumed as liquid. B) water produced through anabolic processes. C) water produced through catabolic processes. D) water consumed in food. E) the combination of all water consumed per day.
D
Prolonged vomiting can result in A) respiratory acidosis. B) respiratory alkalosis. C) metabolic acidosis. D) metabolic alkalosis.
E
Rapid water movement between the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid is termed A) fluid balance. B) fluid compartmentalization. C) dehydration. D) buffering. E) fluid shift.
B
The principal cation in cytoplasm is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) chloride.
B
Summarize the relationship between PCO2 levels and pH. (Module 25.7C) A) A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH. B) An inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH. C) A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH when the pH is below 7.35. D) A direct relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH when the pH is above 7.45. E) A inverse relationship occurs between the levels of PCO2 and pH when the pH is between 7.35 and 7.45.
B
The amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys is regulated mainly by A) ADH. B) aldosterone. C) parathormone. D) atrial natriuretic peptides. E) glucocorticoids.
C
The hemoglobin buffer system exists in A) intracellular fluid only. B) extracellular fluid only. C) both intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid.
A
The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and A) chloride. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) phosphorus
C
The primary role of the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to A) buffer stomach acid. B) buffer carbonic acid formed by carbon dioxide. C) limit pH changes caused by organic and fixed acids. D) buffer the urine. E) increase ventilation.
E
What effect does aldosterone have on sodium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.4B) A) Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in ECF. B) Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF. C) Aldosterone decreases urinary sodium retention and therefore decreases sodium ion concentration in the ECF. D) Aldosterone does not affect urinary sodium retention and therefore has no effect on sodium ion concentration in ECF. E) Aldosterone increases urinary sodium retention and therefore increases sodium ion concentration in ECF.
D
What effect does inhibition of osmoreceptors have on ADH secretion and thirst? (Module 25.4A) A) increased ADH secretion and increased thirst B) increased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst C) decreased ADH secretion and increased thirst D) decreased ADH secretion and suppressed thirst E) increased ADH secretion but no change in thirst
A
What would happen to the blood PCO2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction? (Module 25.10A) A) Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis. B) Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory alkalosis. C) Blood PCO2 would decrease, resulting in respiratory acidosis. D) Blood PCO2 would decrease, resulting in respiratory alkalosis. E) Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in metabolic acidosis.
A
When the blood pH falls below 7.35, ________ results. A) acidemia B) alkalemia
E
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys A) excrete more hydrogen ions. B) excrete more bicarbonate ions. C) reabsorb bicarbonate ions. D) excrete more hydrogen ions and excrete more bicarbonate ions. E) excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.
B
When the pH rises above 7.45, a state of ________ exists. A) acidosis B) alkalosis
B
When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained, A) the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid falls. B) osmosis moves water from the intracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid. C) both the extracellular fluid and the intracellular fluid become more dilute. D) there is an increase in the volume of the intracellular fluid. E) None of the answers is correct.
E
Which body system is not involved in fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance? A) cardiovascular B) muscular C) integumentary D) endocrine E) All systems produce metabolic wastes and therefore are involved in fluid and electrolyte balance.
B
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD D) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
C
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema D) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
A
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis? A) consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness B) consequence of prolonged vomiting C) consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD D) consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions
D
Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis? A) manganese B) phosphorus C) zinc D) copper E) None of the answers is correct.
B
Which organs are primarily responsible for regulating the potassium ion concentration in the ECF? (Module 25.5A) A) lungs B) kidneys C) adrenal glands D) lymph nodes E) intestines
B
Which substance plays a central role in determining the rate of sodium reabsorption? A) ADH B) aldosterone C) extracellular fluid D) natriuretic peptides E) epinephrine
B
With regard to fluid balance, water gains occur primarily in the A) cardiopulmonary system. B) digestive tract. C) kidneys. D) lungs. E) liver.
D
With regard to mineral balance, the primary site of ion loss in the body is A) the epithelial lining of the small intestine and colon. B) sweat gland secretions. C) the skeleton. D) the kidneys. E) the liver.
A
________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide. A) The respiratory system B) The urinary system C) Buffer systems D) Metabolically active cells E) All of the answers are correct.