CHAPTER 2 Historical Foundation of Philippine Government and Politics

Datu (rajah/sultan or hadji)

During pre-Hispanic period, each barangay was ruled by a chief that was the chief executive, legislator, chief judge and military head.

Spanish Period

During this period, there was no democracy in the Philippines.

encomendero

Head of Encomienda System

cabeza de barangay

Head of the barangay

November 1 to December 15, 1897

How long does the Biak-na-Bato Republic last?

January 23, 1899 to March 23, 1901

How long does the First Philippine Republic last?

July 7, 1892.

In katipunan government, when did Andres Bonifacio, together with a group of Filipino patriots, signed the covenant with their own blood on?

Philippines

It is an archipelagic state with a total of 7,107 islands with a land area of about 300,000 square kilometers or 114,400 square miles and is located in Southeast Asia.

concepts of spirits

It is the foundation of Filipinos' abiding respect with their ancestors and elders. Thus, a common ancestor is a unifying factor being invoked during the settlement of inter-family disputes and in more recent times, during political campaigns.

monotheism

It is the resultant process of Islamization that the polytheistic Filipino turned into.

Japanese Military Administration

It was established in Manila on January 3, 1942, one day after its occupation. Under a proclamation issued by the Japanese High Command, the sovereignty of the United States over the Philippines was declared terminated.

Datu Kalantiaw

Kalantiaw Code was written by ............ in Panay.

Datu Sumakwel

Maragtas Code was written by ............ in Panay.

Religion

Most of the early Filipinos are animists. They believe in spirits and the existence of the soul.

ayuntamiento (or cabildo)

council of each city. composed of the two alcaldes and 12 regidores or councilors.

Governor-General

The Civil Government title was later changed on February 6, 1905

Propaganda Movement

The Ilustrados launched a movement which seeks for reforms in the administration of the Philippines; which is a failure.

Royal Audiencia

The Judiciary which was established in 1583, was the Supreme Court of the Philippines. It also performed functions of executive and legislative nature.

special charters

governed the urbanized towns which were converted into cities.

Visayas

group of islands located at the center of The Philippines

governadorcillos

head of municipalities or towns

sultanate system

The main characteristics of this system include the following: 1. Highly centralized government 2. Islam religion 3. A distinct group of religious leaders 4. Unity brotherhood in Islam; and laws Holy Kor'an

customs, practices and traditions

The main source of the unwritten laws which had been passed down from generation to generation.

proclamation of Philippine independence at Kawit, Cavite

The most important achievements of the Dictatorial Government.

Encomienda System

The outset where the Spaniards parceled the whole country. It was not a land grant but a favour from the King under which the Spaniards receiving the favour was given the right to collect tributes/taxes from the inhabitants. It was a public office and hence in effect as administrative unit.

Chinese and Hindu

The penetration of these cultures into the Philippine shores left a lasting imprint into the old Filipino belief system. However, their religious influences were limited and they did not cause systematic conversion of Filipinos into a new religious system.

third

The rank of the Philippines after Tonga and Vanuatu as the most disaster prone country in the world because of its geographical location.

Pre-Spanish Period

The roots of the product of a political evolution the present configuration of the Philippine government.

First Philippine Republic

A government led by Gen. Aguinaldo, set up by the revolting people of Philippines that declared war against the United States.

Early Laws

A legal system already existed in the archipelago even in the pre-colonial times, both written and unwritten promulgated by the datus.

Islam

A religion prescribes a way of life for its believers, said way of life is manifested into the social, economic and political system of Muslims which created a revolutionary change into their lives.

Sergio Osmena, Sr.

successor of Manuel L Quezon. next to him is Manuel Roxas.

Cebu

the first city to be established in the 1565 followed by Manila in 1571.

Manuel L. Quezon

the first president of Commonwealth Government.

governor

the head of a province

Luzon

the largest island located in the north

Mindanao

the second largest island and Sulu archipelago in the south.

Barangays

the smallest political entities. Spanish colonial hierarchy lost its autonomy which they enjoy during the pre-colonial period.

Cebu and Vigan

two territorial audiencias of the Royal Audiencia

June 12, 1898

when did the proclamation of Philippine independence at Kawit, Cavite happened?

Katipunan (The Katipunan Government)

- the secret society that precipitated our glorious revolution on August 26. -organized by Andres Bonifacio, who, together with a group of Filipino patriots, signed the covenant with their own blood on July 7, 1892. -the first clear break from Spanish rule with the ultimate goal to establish a free and sovereign Philippines. -it was replaced by another government whose officials headed by General Emilio Aguinaldo as President, were elected in the Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897

Government during the Japanese Occupation

1. The Japanese Military Administration 2. The Philippine Executive Commission 3. The Japanese Sponsored Republic of the Philippines

Governments during the Revolutionary Era

1. The Katipunan Government 2. The Biak-na-Bato Republic 3. The Dictatorial Government 4. The Revolutionary Government 5. The First Philippine Republic

Governments during the American Period

1. The Military Government 2. The Civil Government 3. The Commonwealth Government of the Philippines

The Pre-Hispanic Period

1. Unit of Government 2. Datu 3. Early Laws 4. Status of Women 5. Religion 6. The Sultanate System

Philippine Executive Commission

A Civil Government known as the Philippine Executive Commission composed of Filipinos with Jorge B. Vargas as chairman, was organized by the military forces of occupation. The commission exercised both the executive and legislative powers.

provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays

Philippines is subdivided into political units:

Middle class

As a member, they were able to send their children to colleges and universities in Manila and even in Europe.

20

Because of its physical environment, average typhoons the country has every year which contribute to the high-susceptibility of different places to tsunami, sea level rise, storm surges, landslides and flash floods is?

Unitary

Government in the Philippines - the government which Spain established in the country was centralized in structure and national scope.

Revolutionary Government

On June 29, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo established this government replacing the Dictatorial Government with himself as President and a Congress whose functions was advisory and ministerial. The decree making such change stated that the aims of the new government were "to struggle for the independence of the Philippines, until all nations including Spain will expressly recognize it," and "to prepare the country for the establishment of a real Republic."

Dictatorial Government

On May 23, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo established a government following the outbreak of the Spanish-American war on April 25, 1898.

Biak-na-Bato Republic

On November 1, 1897, a republic was established by Gen. Aguinalod in Biak-na-bato (now San Miguel de Mamuyo, Bulacan) which declared that the aim of the revolutions was the "separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independent state", which lasted up to December 15, 1897.

Japanese Sponsored Republic of the Philippines

On October 14, 1943, the so-called Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines was inaugurated with Jose P. Laurel as President. It was of the same character as the Philippine Executive commission. Like the latter, the ultimate source of its authority was the Japanese Military authority and government.

Philippines

One of the largest island groups in the world

Assimilationist Movement

One of the reforms if to make the Philippines a province of Spain.

highly centralized

Philippine government is........

indigenous and foreign origins

Philippine politics is influenced by several factors of......

unit of government

Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, the country was composed of settlements or villages, each called barangay.

Sultanate System

Prior to the coming of Spanish colonization, a more complex form of government among the Islamized indigenous groups in Mindanao and Sulu archipelago, had been in existence in the country.

Commonwealth Government

Pursuant to The Tydings-McDuffie Law, signed on March 24, 1934 by the US Congress, this Government was established in the Philippines.

Civil Government

Pursuant to the so-called Spooner Amendment (on the army appropriation act passed in the U.S. Congress on March 3, 1901) which ended the military regime in the Philippine. It was inaugurated in Manila on July 4, 1901, headed by a Civil Governor whose position was created on October 29, 1901.

Governor General

Resided in Manila exercised the powers of the government. He had executive, administrative, legislative and judicial powers. He is also Captain General - the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and Vice Royal Patron exercising certain religious powers.

Ring of Fire (or typhoon belt)

The Philippines is being located along the Pacific Ocean region where many of earth's volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur, it has suffered from an inexhaustible number of deadly typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other natural disasters.

Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao

The Philippines is comprised with three major regions:

Pacific Ocean, South China Sea, and Celebes Sea

The Philippines is surrounded by three major bodies of water: (to the east, to the west and to the south respectively)

Council of Elders (Sparta)

The datu, in the performance of his duties, he was assisted by people who served as his advisers.

General Wesley Merritt

The first American Military Governor

Malolos Constitution

The first democratic constitution ever promulgated in the whole of Asia. It established a "free and independent Philippine Republic" which was inaugurated on January 23, 1899.

Military Government

The government American rule in the Philippines on August, 14, 1898, the day after the capture of Manila.

Davao, Cotabato and Zamboanga

The largest cities in Mindanao.

Jolo

The largest city in Sulu.

Cebu

The largest city in Visayas.

General Elwell E. Otis

The second American Military Governor

Provincial Government

The successor of the encomienda system due to the abuses of the encomenderos.

Major General Arthur MacArthur

The third and last American Military Governor

19th century

The time the Philippines was opened to world trade.

Maragtas and Kalantiaw Code

The two known written codes in the pre-Spanish era.

Ilustrados

The wealthy and educated Filipinos in the later part of the 19th century

mestizos

They benefited the results of these developments particularly those with Spanish and Chinese descent.

Muslim traders and missionaries

They converted many Filipinos into Islam.

Spaniards

They introduced unions of church and state principles hence the church could directly participate in governance. This system gave the friars tremendous powers, not only political but economic as well.

Barangays

They were virtually states possessing all the elements of statehood, hence they were independent political entities.

Commonwealth Government

This government of the Philippines was republican in form under the presidential type. The legislative power was first vested in a unicameral National Assembly and later the bicameral congress composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives while the judicial power was vested in Supreme Court and other inferior or statutory courts.

Sporadic revolts

This revolt challenged the Spanish authorities; however, were unsuccessful to reform the administration.

ARMM and CAR

Two autonomous regions of the Philippines. with 80 provinces, 143 chartered cities, 1,496 municipalities and 42,027 barangays.

Status of Women

Under customary laws, early Filipino women enjoyed a degree of equality with their male counterparts. Livelihood, inherit property, succeed chieftainship, and even leadership.

Centralized political system

Under the Sultanate System, the independent barangays were integrated to form a political system.

provincial government system

Under this government system following the unitary set-up, the country was divided into provinces, the provinces were composed of municipalities or towns, and the towns were encompassed by barangays.