Chapter 2 History Test

equal, separation

Anabaptists, who considered all believers to be _______, called for the complete ________ of church and state

With their wealth from trade, industry, and banking, they dominated their communities

Describe the lives of the urban upper class in the Renaissance society

Leonardo, Michelangelo

During the high Renaissance, master painters such as Raphael, _________ (the renaissance man) and _______ captured the perfection of nature and of the individual in their art

Jan van Eyck, oil painting

Flemish painter _________, who was among the first to use the technique of __________, portrayed objects realistically by focusing on their fine details. Northern artists also lacked the space to do frescoes.

Johannes Gutenberg, movable type

German printer __________ pioneered a new kind of printing that used ___________

It came in 1555 with the peace of Augsburg; The German states & German princes were now free to choose between Catholicism and Lutheranism

How and when did the end to religious warfare in Germany come, and what did this mean for Christianity?

it led to trouble for the Italian states, as a Battle in Italy arose. The army belonged to Charles I; his invading forces smashed the gates and pushed into the city.

How did the growth of monarchical states in Europe affect the Italian states? What happened to Rome in 1527

The states rose to power by a flourishing trade; they had economic power

How did the states rise to power, and what kind of power did they have?

well-rounded, body

Humanist educators believed that the purpose of education was to create _________ citizens, and they stressed the importance of preparing the _______ as well as the mind by emphasizing physical education

Roman Catholicism, Protestants

In an effort to restore _______________ to England, Queen Mary I had almost 300 ___________ burned as heretics

1545, Council of Trent

In the year ________, the Pope called the ______________, which defined Catholic doctrine and reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings

predestination

John Calvin emphasized the idea of ________, which gave later Calvinists the belief that they were doing God's work on Earth

Charles VIII

King of France who led an army of 30,000 men into Italy and occupied the Kingdom of Naples

humanist, state

Protestant teachers used _______ methods, and Martin Luther believed that the ________ should pay for education

Dante Alighieri, vernacular

Some Italian writers, such as ___________, author of the Divine Comedy, wrote in ___________, the spoken language

Anti-Semitism

Some features of society were not changed; ____________, or discrimination against Jews, continued

Luther

The Swiss priest Ulrich Zwingli introduced Protestant reforms in the city of Zurich and wanted an alliance with ________

Act of Supremacy, Henry VIII (8th)

The ___________ of 1534 declared that King ________ was "the only supreme head on earth of the [new] Church of England"

secular, humanities

The increasingly _______ focus of education in the humanist movement led to a core of topics called ________

he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon, the pope wouldn't annul their marriage, and because he couldn't get a divorce, he created a new Church of England

The order of King Henry VIII's life

research, knowledge

The printing of books encouraged scholarly ________ and helped stimulate the reading public's desire to acquire _________

technical, anatomy

Two major developments, an emphasis on the _________ side of painting and study of movement and human ___________, helped Renaissance artists achieve the realistic portrayal of the individual using perspective

Jesuits, Carmelites

Two new religious orders included: The __________ (founded by Ignatius of Loyola) and the __________, (founded by Teresa of Avila) who took vows of complete poverty.

The ends justify the means

What is Machiavelli trying to get at in his book, "The Prince"?

the Anglican Church

What is the Church of England also known as?

Bible readings, preaching the word of God, song, and marrying; Luther married Katharina von Boren (a nun)

What services did Luther's new religion consist of?

nobles were expected to fulfill certain ideals in Renaissance society. A noble was born, not made; must have character, grace, talent, had to be a warrior, but also needed a classical education and an interest in the arts; as expressed in "The book of the Courtier" written by Castiglione

What was expected of the nobility of the Renaissance?

Lutheranism, started by Martin Luther

What was the first Protestant faith?

milan, venice, florence, the papal states centered on Rome and the Kingdom of Naples

What were the major territorial states?

on October 31, 1517; posted them on the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg. They were a stunning attack on abuses in the sale of indulgences

When and where did Martin Luther issue his Ninety-five theses? What are the Ninety-five theses?

they lived in the big cities

Where did most people live in the major territorial states?

Francis I, (the king of France) and Ottoman

Who offered opposition to the rule of Charles V?

a monk in the Catholic Church and a professor at the University of Wittenberg, Germany. The justification by faith alone

Who was Martin Luther, and what idea of his became the chief teaching of the Protestant Reformation?

Desiderius Erasmus; he believed that Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not just provide beliefs that might help them be saved; sought reform for the Catholic church

Who was the best-known Christian humanist, and what did he believe?

he saw the reformation as a force that disrupted the political and social order

Why did Charles V oppose the Reformation?

people wanted to know how to save their souls, but many parish priests appeared unwilling and unable to offer them advice or instruction; they sold indulgences

Why did Christian humanists call for reform in the Church?

the pope didn't like his ideas, so he tried to get Luther to change them, but he wouldn't, so he was excommunicated THEN Charles V outlawed him by the edict of worms

Why was Luther made an outlaw within the Holy Roman Empire?

husbands

Women's duties in marriage included bearing children and being obedient to their ________

Humanism, classics

____________, an important intellectual movement of the Renaissance, was based on the study of the ________, which included the literature of ancient Greece and Rome

Predestination

a belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved (the elect) and who will be damned (the reprobate)

Republic

a form of government in which the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote

Burgher

a member of the middle class who lived in a city or town

Christian Humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Indulgence

a release from all or part of punishment for sin by the Catholic Church, reducing time in purgatory after death

Mercenary

a soldier who fights primarily for pay

Humanism

an intellectual movement of the Renaissance based on the study of the humanities, which included grammar, rhetoric, poetry, moral philosophy, and history

Perspective

artistic techniques used to give the effect of three-dimensional depth to two-dimensional surfaces

Council of Trent

both faith and good works were declared necessary for salvation; the seven sacraments, the Catholic view of the Eucharist, and clerical celibacy were all upheld; belief in purgatory was strengthened; indulgences were forbidden

Annul

declare invalid

Modern Devotion

downplayed religious dogma and stressed the need to follow the teachings of Jesus

Ghetto

formerly a district in a city in which Jews were required to live

Ulrich Zwingli

his enemies killed him, cut up his body, burned the pieces, and scattered the ashes

they made enough money to survive alright; the social order went patricians, burghers, and workers & peasants/unemployed.

how were the lives of burghers and workers similar? What did the social order look like?

Francesco Petrarch

known as the father of Italian Renaissance humanism, began the emphasis on using pure classical Latin and inspired scholarly research and spread of humanism

secular

less focused on religion

sculptors, architects, domes

like painters, Renaissance ___________ and ________ sought to portray a human-centered world. Brunelleschi developed a way to create large exterior ______.

Fresco

painting done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paints

Vernacular

the language of everyday speech in a particular region

Justification

the process of being justified, or deemed worthy of salvation, by God

Lutheranism

the religious doctrine that Martin Luther developed; it differed from Catholicism in the doctrine of salvation, which Luther believed could be achieved by faith alone, not by good works; Lutheranism was the first Protestant faith

Salvation

the state of being saved through faith alone or through faith and good works

Albrecht Durer

tried to achieve a standard of ideal beauty that was based on a careful examination of the human form

Robert Campin

used shadows to create depth and the smallest details to reflect reality; one of the earliest flemish masters of painting

to strengthen business or family ties

what was the purpose of marriage?

to supervise the household and raise her children, which might include their moral education

what was the role of the mother-wife in the Italian family?