chapter 2 hw

covalent bonds

-strong, chemical bond due to the sharing of electrons -bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms within a water molecule

the rows in the periodic table indicate _______________

the number of electron shells

the columns in the periodic table indicate ____________________

the number of electrons in the outermost electron shell

hydrogen bonds

-bonds between charged molecules or portions of a molecule - weak attraction between slightly charged parts of molecules, which are readily broken and reformed -bonds between water molecules

ionic bonds

-electrons are transferred between two atoms creating positively and negatively charged atoms, which are then attracted to one another - Na+ + Cl- ----> NaCl

ionic bonds involve the _______________ of oppositely charged ions

attraction

electrons that orbit the nucleus of an atom (check all that apply) a) require input of continuous amounts of energy to move between shells b) require input of discrete amounts of energy to move between shells c) randomly move between different shells d) have lower potential energy as they move farther from the nucleus e) have lower potential energy as they move closer to the nucleus

b and e b) require input of discrete amounts of energy to move between shells e) have lower potential energy as they move closer to the nucleus

a polar covalent bond is created when a) electrons transferred from one atom to another disrupt the balance between the two sides of the bond, making the bond very unstable b) bonded atoms have an equal pull on the shared electron, so that the electron spends approximately equal amounts of time around each c) bonded atoms have unequal pull on the shared electron, so that the electron spends more time around one atom than the other d) electrons and protons are shared between atoms, creating a strong bond, which can only be broken with a large input of energy

c) bonded atoms have unequal pull on the shared electron, so that the electron spends more time around one atom than the other

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Light --> C6H12O6 + O2 is an example of a chemical reaction. what is occurring during this reaction? a) atoms are split and reform as new molecules b) protons and neutrons are reorganized to form new structures c) substances are changed into other substances by making or breaking of chemical bonds d) shells of atoms divide in order to transport protons to other atoms

c) substances are changed into other substances by making or breaking of chemical bonds

if you were to create a planet capable of supporting life forms similar to those on earth, what elements would be necessary to include? a) helium b) lithium c) hydrogen d) oxygen e) glucose f) carbon

c, d, f hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon

they have two electron shells

carbon and nitrogen

covalent bonds involve the sharing of ______________ between atoms

electrons

their outermost electron shell is full

helium and argon

they have one electron shell

hydrogen and helium

they have the same number of electrons in their outermost shells

nitrogen and phosphorus

hydrogen bonding involves the attraction of ______________ molecules, with the partial negative charge on one polar molecule attracted to the partial positive charge on another polar molecule

polar

the uneven distribution of electrons around the nuclei causes a difference in electrical charge across the molecule, making it ___________

polar

an atom with a higher electronegativity attracted shared electrons more _____________ and so the electrons stay closer to the nucleus of that atom

readily

they have three electron shells

sodium and chlorine