Chapter 2: Mendelian Inheritance Connect quiz

Mendel's work with two-factor (dihybrid) crosses led directly to which of the following? Multiple Choice Chromosomal theory of inheritance Particulate theory of inheritance Theory of biological evolution Law of segregation Law of independent assortment

Law of independent assortment

In the biological sciences, the null hypothesis is usually rejected if the P value is _____. Multiple Choice Less than 0.30 Less than 0.05 Less than 0.95 Less than 1 Greater than 1

Less than 0.05

The anther represents the _____ portion of the plant, while the ovules represent the ____ portion of the plant. Multiple Choice Male ; male Female ; male Female ; female Male ; female

Male ; female

The results that demonstrated that traits were not blended were the ones where Multiple Choice The F1 generation plants were selfed The F2 plants were selfed The true-breeding parents were crossed None of these experiments refuted the blending hypothesis

The F1 generation plants were selfed

Which definition below is the best definition for probability? Multiple Choice The frequency at which homozygous recessive traits are seen in an individual mating. The chance that an outcome will occur in the future. The number of times homozygotic recessives appear through successive generations of a family as compared to heterozygotes. The number of times a coin is flipped.

The chance that an outcome will occur in the future.

A(an) _______ is a variation of a gene. Multiple Choice allele trait character gamete variant

allele

In a genetic cross, the _______ represent offspring with genetic combinations that were not found in the parental lines. Multiple Choice P generation nonrecombinates parentals nonparentals none of the above

nonparentals

According to the Law of Segregation allele segregation into gametes is Multiple Choice random based on whether the individual is male or female based on whether the allele is dominant or recessive based on whether the individual is homozygotic or heterozygotic

random

In a dihybrid cross using Mendelian inheritance, if both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what will be the phenotypic ratio of their offspring? Multiple Choice 1:2:1 9:3:3:1 3:1 1:1

9:3:3:1

The following question refers to the Punnett square below. Which letter represents a homozygotic dominant progeny? Multiple Choice C D B A

A

Two plants that are heterozygous for production of an enzyme are crossed. The levels of the enzyme are measured in the progeny and represented in the graph below. Homozygous dominant individuals have high enzyme levels, heterozygous individuals have intermediate enzyme levels, and homozygous recessive individuals have low enzyme levels. What is the expected ratio of the phenotypes A, B, and C in the progeny? A: 25% B:50% C: 25% A: 25% B: 25% C: 50% A: 33.3% B: 33.3% C: 33.3% A: 50% B: 25% C :25%

A: 25% B:50% C: 25%

Which of the following characteristics made the pea plant Pisum sativum an ideal organism for Mendel's studies? Multiple Choice It has the ability to self-fertilize It was easy to cross-fertilize one plant with another It has easily identifiable traits All of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

A couple would like to know what the probability is that out of five children, three will be girls. This is solved using which of the following? Multiple Choice Sum rule Chi-square test Random sampling error Product rule Binomial expansion

Binomial expansion

If an individual that phenotypically has dominant traits is mated to another individual that also has dominant traits and the progeny have both dominant and recessive traits it indicates that Multiple Choice One parent is heterozygotic and one is homozygotic No conclusions can be made about the genotypes of the parents Both parents are heterozygotic Both parents are homozygotic

Both parents are heterozygotic

Using Mendel's flower color (purple is dominant, white is recessive), if two heterozygous plants are crossed, what is the probability that the first two offspring will have purple flowers? Multiple Choice 1/16 6/4 1/4 1/2 9/16

9/16

What is a feature of a pedigree? Check all that apply. Check All That Apply It represents the relationship between individuals in successive generations. They can be used to deduce if a gene may be sex-linked. They can be used to deduce if a gene may be sex-linked. They are not useful for human genetic disease studies.

All are correct. It represents the relationship between individuals in successive generations. They can be used to deduce if a gene may be sex-linked. They can be used to deduce if a gene may be sex-linked. They are not useful for human genetic disease studies.

Which of the following is correct regarding the blending hypothesis of inheritance? Multiple Choice It suggested that hereditary traits blended from one generation to the next. It was possible for the blending to change the trait from one generation to the next. It was supported by early research by Joseph Kölreuter. It was the prevailing hypothesis of inheritance prior to Mendel. All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers are correct.

In a dihybrid testcross, the individual being examined is crossed to which of the following? Multiple Choice An individual who is heterozygous for both traits An individual who is homozygous dominant for one trait but not the other An individual who is homozygous recessive for both traits Self-fertilized

An individual who is homozygous recessive for both traits

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be used for many different purposes, including determining paternity. PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences from complex mixtures and can be used to amplify sequences that although they may not have any known function may have several unique sizes and these different forms are inherited according to the Law of Segregation. Below is a diagram of an agarose gel of PCR samples from a mother, and several children. Which letters represent children that could be biologically related to the mother? Multiple Choice A, B, and C B, C, and D A, B, and D All of the children could be related to the mother

B, C, and D Explanation A child would be expected to have at least 1 band in common with the mother

Select which of the following results would most closely conform to a test cross of a dyhybrid plant C D B A

D

Select which of the following results would most closely conform to a test cross of a dyhybrid plant Multiple Choice C A D B

D

Two dihybrid pea plants (both tall and with purple flowers) are mated. The cross resulted in 9866 progeny, of which 5550 were tall with purple flowers. What are the expected ratios of the other phenotypic classes? Multiple Choice A) 1850 Short/white flower 1850 Tall/white flower 1850 Short/purple flower B) 5550 Short/white flower 5550 Tall/white flower 5550 Short/purple flower C) 1850 Short/white flower 616 Tall/white flower 1850 Short/purple flower D) 616 Short/white flower 1850 Tall/white flower 1850 Short/purple flower

D) 616 Short/white flower 1850 Tall/white flower 1850 Short/purple flower

When studying a genetic cross, the second generation following the initial cross is identified by which of the following? Multiple Choice P generation F2 generation P3 generation F3 generation F1 generation

F2 generation

Mendel's work on inheritance had an immediate influence on the scientific community and theories of inheritance. True or False

False

The Chi-square test is used to prove that a hypothesis is correct. True or False

False

What was the conclusion from Mendel's two factor crosses? Multiple Choice Genes randomly assort into the gametes The ratio of the phenotypes of the progeny depends on the phenotype of the male parent The ratio of the phenotypes of the progeny depends on the phenotype of the female parent Alleles for one gene randomly assort into the gametes

Genes randomly assort into the gametes

The theory of pangenesis was first proposed by ________. Multiple Choice Aristotle Galen Mendel Hippocrates None of the answers are correct

Hippocrates

Mendel's work with single-factor crosses resulted in the development of which of the following? Multiple Choice Law of segregation Law of independent assortment Theory of natural selection Law of biological evolution All of the answers are correct

Law of segregation

An allele that produces an inactive enzyme would be classified as what kind of allele? Multiple Choice Dominant These do not occur and therefore there is no classification for them. Gain of function Loss of function

Loss of function

If the progeny of a mating of pea plants have the following ratios 1342 smooth seed/green pod, 447 wrinkled seed/yellow pod, 429 smooth seed/ yellow pod, 1361 wrinkled seed/green pod what are the genotypes of the parents? Multiple Choice Both parents are heterozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 1: Heterozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous seed shape and heterozygous for pod color Parent 1: Homozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Heterozygous for seed shape and homozygous for pod color Parent 1: Heterozygous for both seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous for both seed shape and pod color

Parent 1: Heterozygous for seed shape and pod color Parent 2: Homozygous seed shape and heterozygous for pod color

In humans, patterns of inheritance are often studied using which of the following? Multiple Choice Dihybrid testcrosses Production of true-breeding lines Pedigree analysis Self-fertilization None of the answers are correct

Pedigree analysis

Which of the following traits was not studied by Mendel? Multiple Choice Flower color Pod color Plant height Seed color Pollen color

Pollen color

Which of the following would be used to determine the probability of three independent events in order? Binomial expansion Random sampling error Sum rule Chi-square test Product rule

Product rule

A coin is flipped 100 times, with a result of 53 heads and 47 tails. The deviation between the observed numbers and the expected 50-50 results is called _________. Multiple Choice Probability Degrees of freedom Random sampling error Goodness of fit Standard error

Random sampling error

The results of a study of a population is presented in the following table. The "-" indicates that the other allele is unknown Which of the conclusions listed below is correct? Multiple Choice The ratios of the offspring in the S - X S - matings are due to some S - parents being homozygotic and some being heterozygotic. If the S- offspring of the S - X S - matings were mated to the S - offspring from the S - X ss matings there would be no ss offspring all would be S -. All of the S - offspring from the S - X S - matings are homozygotic. The ratios of the offspring in the S- X S - matings conform to the expected ratio for a monohybrid cross.

The ratios of the offspring in the S - X S - matings are due to some S - parents being homozygotic and some being heterozygotic.

The results of a dihybrid cross of plants is given in the table below. What conclusions would you make? Multiple Choice The results are statistically the same as the expected results. The chi square value is so close to the p value at 0.05 a conclusion should not be drawn and another mating should be performed. The results are statistically significantly different than the expected results. More progeny should be counted since the number of progeny is too low to make this type of analysis.

The results are statistically significantly different than the expected results.

Differences in plant flower color or plant height are called a variant of a trait. TRUE or False

True

A true breeding line of green pod pea plants is crossed with a true-breeding line of yellow pod plants. All of their offspring have green pods. From this information, it can be stated that the green color is _____ to the yellow color. Multiple Choice recessive dominant subservient blended none of the answers are correct

dominant

The genetic composition of an individual is called its _____________. Multiple Choice phenotype genotype hybrid dominance none of the answers are correct

genotype

Statistical analysis determines the _______ between observed data and what was expected from the original hypothesis. Multiple Choice P values testcross degrees of freedom complete hypothesis goodness of fit

goodness of fit

In a Punnett square diagram, the outside of the box represents the _________. Multiple Choice diploid gametes haploid offspring diploid offspring haploid gametes

haploid gametes

An individual who has two different alleles for a trait is called ____________. Multiple Choice heterozygous haploid isozygous true-breeding homozygous

heterozygous

An individual who has two identical alleles for a trait is said to be ___________. Multiple Choice homozygous isozygous heterozygous a variant

homozygous

If two individuals with different distinct characteristics are mated, their offspring is called a _______. Multiple Choice cross strain gamete true-breeding line hybrid

hybrid

A cross in which a researcher investigates the patterns of inheritance of a single trait is called a ____. Multiple Choice self-fertilization dihybrid cross monohybrid cross cross-fertilization two-factor cross

monohybrid cross

In a genetic cross, there are n classes of data. What would the degrees of freedom be for a chi-square test on this data? Multiple Choice n - 1 x(n) where x equals the number of individuals in the cross n + 1 2n + 1 n

n - 1

The study of family trees in humans is called a _______ analysis. Multiple Choice pedigree monohybrid probability statistical dihybrid

pedigree

The observable characteristics of an organism are called its ___________. Multiple Choice phenotype genotype dominance genes none of the answers are correct

phenotype

The chance that a future event will occur is called ____________. Multiple Choice probability goodness of fit degrees of freedom random selection all of the answers are correct

probability

If over several generations a trait does not vary in a group of organisms, that group can be called a _______. Multiple Choice true-breeding line cross-fertilized line dihybrid variant hybrid

true-breeding line

The Law of Independent Assortment states that Multiple Choice two different genes will NOT randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells. two different alleles will randomly assort during the formation of haploid cells. two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of diploid cells. two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells.

two different genes will randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells.

When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the genotypic ratio of their offspring? Multiple Choice Varied depending on the trait 1:2:1 1:1 9:3:3:1 3:1

1:2:1

Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in the CF gene, and there are several different mutations that are known to result in CF disease. The CF mutations behave as recessive alleles to the WT CF allele. If two carriers that have different mutations in their CF genes have children what is the probability that one of their children will have CF disease? Multiple Choice 100% 25% 50% 75%

25%

Huntington's disease is a fatal syndrome caused by a mutation in the HD gene. The disease has an average age of onset of 35 and the majority of individuals that are affected are heterozygotes. What is the probability that a 25-year-old woman with no symptoms and who is the daughter of a man that has HD and a mother who does not will have a child that will have the mutant HD allele? Multiple Choice 100% 75% 50% 25%

25%

When Mendel crossed two plants that were heterozygous for a single trait, what was the phenotypic ratio of their offspring? Multiple Choice 3:1 Varied depending on the trait 7:4 9:3:3:1 1:2:1

3:1

What is the probability that an offspring will have an ss/RR genotype from a cross of two Ss/Rr individuals? Multiple Choice 6.25% 3.12% 25% 12.5%

6.25%

If a Punnett square is used to visualize a three-factor cross (trihybrid cross) how many boxes would be inside of the square? Multiple Choice 3 8 48 64 Can't be determined

64

The _____ indicates the probability that differences between the observed values and the expected values are due to random chance alone. Multiple Choice P value Goodness of fit Degrees of freedom Empirical approach None of the answers are correct

P value